Learning English for Competition
1.As we have said,Chinese have decided that English is the language of international competition,and they are going to speak competition.
2.In fact,as if tonight,there are more people studying English in China than there are people in America.
3.And Clarissa Ward is telling us how they doing it. She is in Beijing tonight.
4.China is in a throw of campaign to breakthrough the language barrier.In the next5years,all the government employees under40will be required to master at least1,000phrases in English.And all schools will begin to teach English in kindergartens.
5.China is learning English.Parents who cannot afford it are forking out for private language schools that are popping out across the country.
6.where kids start learning as young as two.By the time they are10,they are fluent.
7.It’s a part of push to promote internationalism.“China is more open to the world.We want our kids to open their eyes to get to know the world,to look at China not only from standing in China,but also form outside of China,”
8.State-run TV has even launched an American idol type of reality show where kids have to sell themselves in English to clinch the judges’votes. 9.For adults,learning the language is more of a struggle.They push together their mouths around alien sounds.
10.But it hasn’t deterred them from trying.And many here are hoping more Americans will do the same. 11.As a part of the new initiative,the government is also funding teacher training programs,looking at new models of language learning and developing new textbooks.1.正如我们说的那样，中国人确定英语是国际竞争的语言，他们要讲竞争了。
2.事实上，在今晚的中国，学英语的人比美国人口还多。
3.克拉丽莎•沃德今晚在北京，她将告诉我们中国人是如何学外语的。
4.中国在掀起学外语的运动，以突破语言障碍。在今后5年里，要求所有在40岁以下的政府雇员至少掌握1000个英语短语。所有学校将从幼儿园起开始教英语。
5.全中国在学英语。那些负担不起的家长也在掏出钱让孩子去上私立学校。这些私立学校不断地在全国涌现出来。
6.在那里孩子从2岁就开始学英语，到10岁时，他们讲得流利了。
7.这是提升国际观的一种动力。“中国现在对世界更开放了。我们希望我们的孩子拓宽视野，认识世界，不仅从中国的立场来看中国，也从外界来看中国。”
8.国营电视台甚至办起一个美国偶像类真人秀节目，孩子们要用英语来展现自己，争取评委的投票。
9.对成年人来说，学英语更是艰难的拼搏。他们用力用嘴发着陌生的语音。
10.但这并不阻碍他们努力。而且这里许多人希望更多的美国人会同样努力学外语。
11.作为新的倡议一部分，政府也在资助教师培训项目，研究语言教学的新模式，开发新的教材等。
医学是发展中的科学
12年前，在医学院开学典礼上院长对新生说：“我们在这里教给你们的东西有一半是错的”。遗憾的是，当时新生难以理解相信这一点。
在解剖实验室、在演讲厅、在示教室，向他们展示的是人体怎么活着、怎么工作、怎么死亡的秘密。这就像数学一样，有一种权威和肯定无疑的感觉。
但现在，当年的学生已成为主治医生和住院医生的带教老师，对院长的那句警句有了深切的理解。确实，医学是而且历来是进展中的动态科学。
这必然意味着我们对医学的了解是在不断改变的；医学永远不断地在提出、同时又在推翻假设。
从远处看，医学像是一套完美的知识。但在行医的地方靠近观察，可以清楚地发现我们的知识体在迅速成长、不断改变着。医学上的进步就是这样取得的：一次一个答案。Twelve years ago,during the medical school open-ceremony, the dean said to the freshmen:“Half of what we teach you here is wrong”.Regrettably,it was hard for freshmen to understand and believe at the time.
In the anatomy lab,in the lecture hall and in the instruction room,they were being shown the secrets of how the body lives,how it works,how it dies.Like math,it has the feel of authority and certainty.
But now,the then-students have become attending doctors and teachers of residents,who have a profound understanding of that dean's aphorism.Indeed,medicine is, and always has been,an evolving and dynamic science.
And this necessarily means that what we know about medicine is constantly changing;that medicine is forever putting forth,and simultaneously upending,assumptions.
From a distance,medicine looks like a complete and beautiful body of knowledge.But here,up close,where medicine is practiced,it's clear that our body of knowledge is growing rapidly,changing constantly.It's the way progress is made in medicine,one answer at a time.
Is Your Doctor Outdated?
1.The practice of medicine is constantly changing,constantly evolving.The question is:Is your doctor keeping up to date?
2.It’s happening too often:doctors failing to follow what is called“evidence-based medicine.”
3.“Every doctor needs to practice evidence-based medicine for a specific problem or condition.Practicing evidence-based medicine means using what is known to work.”
4.One study found patients get only55%of the recommended care for the leading causes of death and disability.Children get just47%of the recommended care.
5.The problem:many doctors use treatments based on the word of mouth from their colleagues,or research that’s now out of date.
6.“We do have physicians who continue to practice medicine based on how they were trained,and they are not incorporating new knowledge that we have into their practice.”
7.So how can patients know whether their doctors are practicing up-to-date medicine?
8.For starters,you can ask“Is your doctor board certified?”, which means passing a rigorous test in the physician’s specialty,then getting periodically re-tested.Or learn something as basic as“where did your doctor go to medical school?
9.“The leading medical schools teach doctors about the importance of evidence-based medicine.They also emphasize the importance of keeping up with the evidence base in terms of practicing good health care in the long run.”
10.And patients should never be afraid to ask exactly what is the evidence and rationale for this treatment or test.Leading physicians say being an up-to-date doctor was not function of age,but of attitude.
11.It is really about being receptive,taking the time and then looking at how do I practice medicine,how can I do that better.How can I improve the quality of care that I deliver? 12.Getting more doctors to practice better medicine so more patients enjoy better health.1.医疗实践在不断地变化，不断地发展。问题是：你的医生在与时俱进吗？
2.这种情况很常发生：医生们没有按所谓的“循证医学”去做。
3.“每位医生要对具体的问题或情况去实践循证医学。实践循证医学意味着要运用已认识的事物来行医。”
4.一项研究发现，就死亡和残疾的主要原因来说，病人得到的建议只有55%。儿童得到的建议只有47%。
5.问题在于：许多医生的是基于同事们的口头说法，或是过时的研究。
6.“确实我们有些医生在继续根据他们当时怎么训练的来行医。他们没有把我们现有的新知识结合用于医疗实践中。”
7.那么，病人如何能够知道他们的医生在实践最新的医学呢？
8.如果你刚开始，你可以问一下：“你的医生得到医学委员会认定吗？”。认定意味着医生通过医生专业的严格考试，此后定期地得到重新验证。或者你要了解像这样基本的问题：“你的医生上的哪所医学院？”
9.“重点医学院教医生们循证医学的重要性，也强调在长期实践好医疗中跟上循证医学发展的重要性。”
10.病人不应当害怕去问确切，什么是证据，这样或检查的理据是什么。一流的医生说，跟上发展的医生不是与年龄变化有关，而是与态度有关。
11.这确实是接受能力的问题，关系到花时间考虑一下我是怎么行医的，我怎么能做的更好，我怎么能提升我提供的医疗质量？12.让更多的医生去实践更好的医疗，因此更多的病人会享有更好的健康。
护理学的发展
当说到护理学的发展，很多人都会想到南丁格尔。南丁格尔是英国护士，现代护理学的奠基人。在她之前，护理被视为低级无技能的劳动。由于她的努力，护理已成为受尊敬的职业。
从事护理的人必须经过严格的课程培训，包括解剖学、生理学、药理学、病因和、营养和饮食、外科技能以及种种与病人护理相关的技术。
许多护士还接受培训从事更专业的工作，诸如新生儿护理，孕妇护理或精神病人护理。
医学卫生领域里技术知识的迅猛发展，要求护士对先进的设备要在行；对越来越多的药物要了解；要设计出适合不同患者特点的护理方案。
应当说，护士职责的重要性不亚于医生的职责。但是在一些国家，护士的收入和地位总体上与其职责不相称。这种局面必将导致护士短缺的问题更严重，最终受损害的是整个社会人的健康。When it comes to the development of nursing,many people will recall Florence Nightingale,a British nurse and the founder of modern nursing.Nursing,which before her time was considered low-grade unskilled labo
r,became a respected profession because of her efforts.
Nursing candidates must take rigorous training courses that include anatomy,physiology,pharmacology,the cause and treatment of disease,nutrition and diet,surgical skills,and a variety of techniques pertaining to patient care.
Many nurses also prepare for more specialized work,such as the care of newborn infants,maternity patients,or the mentally ill. The explosion of technical knowledge in the field of medicine and health has required nurses to become knowledgeable about sophisticated equipment,to learn about an increasing number of medications,and to design nursing care appropriate for different patients.
It should be said that a nurse performs duties no less important than a doctor does.However,in some countries the nurse’s income and status do not match with her duties on the whole. This situation will result in a more severe shortage of nurses, which is eventually detrimental to the health of the whole people in a society.
Decoding Cancer Cell DNA
1.Every day science is making strides against cancer,but sadly it remains a major killer.It is expected that there will be nearly a million and half new cancer cases this year.
2.More than a half million,or1,500a day will die from the disease, 30will die during the course of this broadcast.
3.But tonight scientists are reporting a hopeful development.It could lead to the treatments tailored to patients based on their DNA.
4."This is a landmark.It’s the first time we've had the complete DNA instruction book,of a cancer cell."
5.Scientists did it by analyzing the cells of a woman with leukemia. "We found10changes;10mutations in her tumor genome that may very well be related to her disease."
6.This may revolutionize the most advanced type of cancer treatments,called targeted therapies.
7.Right now,targeted therapy goes at cancer cells,but not normal cells.For example,the drug Herceptin works by selectively attacking a receptor found on the surface of breast cancer cells.
8.In the patient with leukemia,scientists went past the surface of the cell,all the way to the center—or nucleus—and examined the DNA, the blueprint for the entire body.
9.By comparing DNA from the patient's cancerous blood cells with DNA from her own normal skin,the researchers found changes present in genes of her leukemia,but not in the genes of her normal cells.
10."What's new here is that this entire encyclopedia of a cancer cell, which is400Encyclopedia Britannicas,all lined up end to end,has actually been read out in its entirety for the first time for a particular leukemia."
11."The ultimate hope is that you would look at someone's DNA and you'd say I know how to treat you based what I found in your genes.
12.The hope of designing personalized medicine for patients is what drove researchers to study the inner-workings of cells. 13."Cancer is a disease of the DNA,and we need to understand what goes wrong at the level of DNA,before we can really get good at understanding,diagnosing,and better treating the disease.”14."It will result in a revolution in medicine that I believe will only be matched by the discovery of antibiotics,"Collins said.
15.This is still a research tool,and cancer patients shouldn't expect immediate treatments.But doctors hope it will have real-life applications within the decade.1.每一天，科学在抗癌斗争中取得进展，但遗憾的是，癌症仍然是主要的杀手。预计今年将会有150万癌症新病例。
2.每年超过50万癌症病人，或者说每天1500人，会死于癌症。在这一广播过程中就会有30人去世。
3.但是今晚，科学家报道一项有希望的发展。这项发展可能导致基于病人基因的针对性.
4.“这是一个里程碑事件。这是第一次我们有了一种癌症细胞完整DNA的说明书。”
5.科学家是通过分析一位女性白血病患者的细胞获得的。“我们发现她的肿瘤基因组中的10种变异，这10种变异很可能与她的疾病相关。”
6.这可能会给最先进的癌症，即靶向疗法，带来革命。
7.现在，靶向疗法涉及到攻击癌细胞，而不是正常细胞。比如说，药物赫赛汀通过有选择地攻击乳腺癌细胞表面的受体起作用。
8.在白血病患者身上，科学家通过细胞表面直接进入细胞中心，即细胞核，并检查DNA这一整个人体的蓝图。
9.通过把病人癌血细胞的DNA与她的正常皮肤的DNA做比较，研究人员发现她的白血病基因中存在的变化，而正常细胞的基因中没有变化。
10.“这里的新东西是，癌症细胞的整本百科全书——相当于400本《大英不列颠百科全书》排列在一起——一种特定的白血病，实际上首次得到完整的解读。”
11.“最终希望是，当你在看某人的DNA时，你会说，我知道如何根据在你基因里的发现对你。
12.为病人设计个性化医疗，推动着研究人员去研究细胞内部起作用的因素。
13.“癌症是DNA的疾病。我们需要理解在DNA层面出了什么问题，然后我们能够真正地理解、诊断和更好地治病。”
译文翻译
14.“这将导致一场医学革命。我想这场革命只有抗生素的发现能与之相比。”
15.这仍然是一项研究工具，癌症患者不要期待得到立即的。但是，医生们希望在10年内会有实际应用。