合译法
Combination （合译法）
所谓合译法，是指把原⽂中两个或两个以上的词合译成⼀个词，将两个或两个以上的简单句合译为⼀个句⼦，或将⼀个复合句在译⽂中⽤⼀个单句来表达。英汉两种语⾔在句法结构上存在很⼤差异。英语重“形合”，连接词较为发达，句⼦结构层层包孕，句⼦在空间上呈⼤树型结构，长句较多。汉语重“意合”，句⼦与句⼦之间缺乏必要的连接词，积词成句，积句成章，流⽔句较多，呈线性排列，⼀句接⼀句，短句较多，句⼦结构呈⽵竿型分布。另外，英语的后置修饰语有时很长，⽽汉语的修饰语⼀般前置，不宜过长。因此，为了符合汉语表达习惯, 也为了更清楚地表达原⽂意思，在翻译时需要对原来的句⼦结构进⾏调整，即适当改变原⽂结构。与分译法把原⽂的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来，译成⼀个独⽴分句相反，合译法是将不同的句⼦成分组合在⼀起，⽤⼀个单句来表达，使其更符合汉语的表达⽅法。由于英语句⼦⼀般⽐汉语句⼦长，英译汉时切分⽤得较多，但是较⼝语化的英语句⼦也⽐较短，英译汉时有时也得⽤合并，故合译法多⽤于英语简单句的翻译，特别是两个或两个以上的英⽂句⼦共⽤相同的主语的时候，汉语⼀般不喜欢重复某⼀名词，或重复使⽤某⼀代词作主语，在这种情况下，往往将原⽂数句合译为⼀句。
Combination in E-C Translation （合译法在英译汉中的应⽤）
A. Words （词的合译）
This technique is used to integrate two words of close meaning into one expression. 词的合译是指把两个或两个以上的同义词合译成⼀个词，使译⽂清楚整齐。
Examples:
1. You will supply financial power, and we 'll supply man po f w ai e r r.a I n s d n square ?' t that 译⽂：你们出钱，我们出⼈，这难道还不公平吗？
2. His father is a man who forgives and forgets. 译⽂：他的⽗亲⾮常宽容。
3. Her son was wise and clever, but her daughter was silly and foolish. 译⽂：她的⼉⼦⾮常聪明，可⼥⼉却很笨。
4. He suffered aches and pains. 译⽂：他遭受百般疼痛。
5. He is a man of culture and learning . 译⽂：他是个很有学问的⼈。
Try to translate:
1. He was kindly, generous and obliging.
2. He was jealous and envious of his brother. He resented that his younger brother was so successful.
参考译⽂：
1. 他乐善好施。
2. 他嫉妒他弟弟，痛恨弟弟取得了这么⼤的成功。
B. Phrases （固定词组的合译）
英语和汉语各⾃有⼀套独特的语⾔表达系统。在英语中，词的粘合⼒和搭配⼒较强，⼀个动词往往可以同多个名词或多个介词搭配，⼀个介词也往往与多个名词搭配，构成不同的动词短语和介词短语，在翻译时，⽆需逐词译出，可考虑⽤汉语的固定搭配，或者四字结构、四字成语去翻译，这样译⽂会更流畅，更符合汉语的⾏为习惯。
Examples:
1. All the ones we have seen here have four-star abilities with five-star ambitions . 译⽂：我们在此看到
的所有⼈都是些眼⾼⼿低之辈。
2. He threw on a coat and left home in a hurry .
译⽂：他套上⼀件⾐服，匆匆忙忙地离开了家⾥。
3. I was examined and re-examined.
译⽂：我受到再三诘问。
4. Ki no hurry ing towards his house, felt a surge of exhilaration.
译⽂：基洛加快步伐，兴致勃勃地朝⾃⼰家⾛去。
5. The sooner he changes his mind, the better for him.
译⽂：还是越早叫他回⼼转意越好些。
Try to translate:
1. He likes to make lengthy speech.
2. It ' s obvious that she is the one w tands out from the rest.
参考译⽂：
1. 他发⾔喜欢长篇⼤论。
2. 很明显，她就是出类拔萃的那⼀个。
C. Idioms and slangs（习语、谚语和俚语的合译）
Examples:
1. To be min dful of pers onal gains and losses
译⽂：患得患失
2. To be on thin ice
译⽂：如履薄冰
3. To be wild with joy
译⽂：欣喜若狂
4. Beyond cure
译⽂：不可救药
5. To blow one ' s own horn
译⽂：⾃吹⾃擂
Try to translate:
1. To call white black
2. As easy as turning over one ' s hand
3. To fish in troubled waters
参考译⽂：
1. 颠倒⿊⽩
2. 易如反掌
3. 浑⽔摸鱼
D. Simple Sentences （简单句的合译）
在英译汉中，有时会把原⽂中的两个或两个以上的简单句合并成⼀个句⼦，这样能使译
⽂更为简洁明了.
Examples:
1. He has been ill for many years. He died in loneliness finally. 译⽂：他病了很多年。他最终在孤独中死去。
(“ 他⽣病多年后孤独的死去。
2. The river is very wide. One cannot see the opposite bank. 译⽂：那条河很宽。⼀个⼈看不到对岸。(V)河宽得看不到对岸。
3. He came back to his hometown. He has left it for quite many years. 译⽂：他回到了他的故乡。他离
开它已经很多年了。
(V他回到了阔别已久的故乡。
4. He was very stupid. He even didn ' t know howimtopledocothuentsing.
译⽂：他很笨。他甚⾄不懂做简单的算数。
(V 他笨得连简单的算数都不会。
5. There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from the South. 译⽂：这⾥这些⼈都是从全国各地来的。他们当中很多⼈是从南⽅来的。
(V 从全国各地来的这些⼈中有很多是南⽅⼈。
Try to translate:
1. He took out a match and lit the candle. A light lit up the darkness.
2. She wasn ' t really listening. She was thinking about something else.
3. We are all alike. We all have families. 参考译⽂：
1. 他掏出⽕柴，点燃蜡烛，照亮⿊暗。
2. 她没有真的在听，⽽在想着别的什么事情。
3. 我们同样都有家。
D. Compound Sentences (并列复合句的合译英译汉中有时候可以将⼀个并列句合并成⼀个单独的句⼦。Examples:
1. In 1844 Engles met Marx, and they became friends. 译⽂：1844 年恩格斯遇见马克思，然后他们成为了朋友。
( V 1844 年恩格斯与马克思相遇并成了朋友。
2. The river ran down to Pisa from Florence, and then it reached the sea. 译⽂：那条河从佛罗伦萨流到⽐萨，然后到达⼤海。
(V 那条河从佛罗伦萨流经⽐萨⼊海。
3. It was in mid-August, and the repair section operated under the blazing sun. 译⽂：时间是⼋⽉中旬，维修⼈员在烈⽇下⼯作。
(V ⼋⽉中旬，维修⼈员在烈⽇下⼯作。
4. Mark wasn ' t able to escape from the fire. Neither were the children. 译⽂：马克没能从⽕⾥逃⽣。孩⼦
们也没能逃⽣。
(V 马克和孩⼦都没能从⽕⾥逃⽣。
5. The Post Office was helpf ul, and Marconi applied in June, 1896, for the world patent.
s first radio 译⽂：邮局提供了帮助，马可尼于1896年6 ⽉获得了世界上第⼀项⽆线电专利。
（“在邮局的帮助下，马可尼于1896年6⽉获得了世界上第⼀项⽆线电专利
。
Try to translate:
1. Neither has Mary wanted to rent a house ，nor does her husband．
2. Overwork may cause physical decline ，and then insomnia may result.
3. The time was half past ten, and the traffic on the street was light. 参考译⽂：
1. 玛丽和她丈夫都不想租房⼦。
2. ⼯作过度会造成体⼒下降进⽽导致失眠。
3. ⼗点半的时候街上的车辆已经很少了。
E. Complex Sentences （复杂句及主从复合句的合译）在英译汉中，有时可以把原⽂中的主从复合句合译成
⼀个简单句。例如定语从句的翻译中，即将定语从句翻译成⼀个短语，放在被修饰名词之前。Examples:
1. He is not the one who will give up easily. 译⽂：他不是⼀个轻易服输的⼈。
2. Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing. 译⽂：我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。
3. When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat. 译⽂：我在谈判时总是有些紧张，⽽我紧张时，就想吃东西。
4. It was my liver that was out of order. 译⽂：我的肝脏出了⽑病。
5. When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite. 译⽂：我们对中国领导⼈和中国⼈民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。
Try to translate:
1. There many people who want to see the film.
2. I was wandering when I saw a notice outside a Sunday School.
3. The judge said it was difficult to comprehend why the police acted so in this matter. 参考译⽂：
1. 许多⼈要看这部电影。
2. 闲逛时看到主⽇学校门外贴着⼀张⼴告。
3. 法官认为很难理解警察这么做的动机。
Part IV Combination in C-E Translation 合译法在汉译英中的运⽤：因为汉语多短句和流⽔句，在汉译英中经常采⽤合译法将汉语的两个或以上的短句合成⼀个较长的英语复合句。
A. 汉语短句译为英语复合句
Examples:
1. 对长辈们不能没⼤没⼩的。祖⽗是⼀家之主，尤其要尊敬。
译⽂：Show respect to your elders, particularly to your grandpa, head of the family.
2. 战⼠们⽆所畏惧地奋勇向前。他们的脚步很坚定。
译⽂：Fighters march forward fearlessly ，with firm steps.
3. 我爱北京。我特别爱黎明前的北京。
译⽂：I love Beijing, especially predawn Beijing.
4. 男同学在打篮球。⼥同学在打乒乓球。
译⽂：The boys are playing basketball, while the girls are playing ping pang.
5. 湖中有⼗来枝荷花。荷花上清⽔滴滴，荷叶上⽔珠滚来滚去。
译⽂：Crystal drops were dripping from a dozen lotus buds in the lake, while beads of water rolled about the leaves.
B. 汉语复句译为英语单句
Examples:
1. 这位中国⼥学⽣说了⼀声“我是中国⼈”，就悄悄⾛开了。
译⽂：After saying “I am from China ”, the Chinese girl student went away quietly.
2. 我还年轻，我还要活下去，我还要征服⽣活。
译⽂：Being still young, I want to live on and conquer life.
3. 我家⾥⽣活苦，⽗亲做⼩买卖，妈妈是家庭妇⼥。
译⽂：My family was hard up, with Father a peddler, Mother a housewife.
4. 他⽗亲是⼆战中的⼀个杀⼈凶⼿，竟当上了这个城市的市长。
译⽂：Her father, a murderer in the Second World War , became the mayor of the city.
Try to translate:
1. 踢⾜球的，踢⾜球去了，打篮球的，打篮球去了。
2. 这个⽅案富于创造性，独出⼼裁，很有魄⼒，他们都很喜欢。
3. 中国是个⼤国，百分之⼋⼗的⼈⼝从事农业，但耕地只占⼟地⾯积的⼗分之⼀，其余为⼭脉、森林、城镇和其
他⽤地。
参考译⽂：
1. Some played soccer, and others played basketball.
2. They all liked the plan because it was creative, independent and heroic.
Or: There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them. 3. China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one
tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other
uses.
Part V Exercises
A. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.（词的合译）
1. Is it really and truly?
2. She was surprised and taken aback.
3. The room is cozy and comfortable.
4. We must reach our goals and aims.
5. It ' s right and proper to do this.
6. He was safe and sound in the earthquake.
7. There is a hard and fast rule against smoking here.
8. He is dead and gone.
9. I am tired and exhausted.
10. We should be open and straight with each other.
译文翻译