中西方餐桌礼仪的文献综述[合集五篇]
第一篇:中西方餐桌礼仪的文献综述
Literature Review
In the past few years, a lot of studies have been done and published on the reasons of table manners’ differences between China and the West.From the past literature reviews, we may see that this field of study has become more and more important and many people, not only scholars, but also some foreign trade clerks, have been involved in the study.Manners in every country are different.What is polite in China may not be polite in other countries.Realizing this point will help us enjoy western food with your foreign friends.My research will focus on this topic and analyze the reasons of the differences.In accordance with the former researchers' studies, there are three reasons that caused the differences.They are cultural background, historical background and customs.Different nations or regions have different culture.In terms of the different cultural background, we will mainly introduce two aspects.They are religious beliefs and values.Most Chinese believe in B
uddhism, Confucianism and Taoism.The Buddhist advocates “mercifulPurdue beings” and “harmony”.Westerners mostly believe in Catholicism or Christianity, and believe that God created man(Zhang Wenjuan, 2009)and the western culture is self-centered, the boundary between people is clear.And also Zhang Wenjuan pointed out in her paper that “thousand of years of Chinese traditional culture in the Chinese Buddhism makes Chinese table manners modest.”(2009)Different table manners reflect different national heart in different culture, such as, chopsticks in China, knives and forks in West.So the table manner is the reflection of national cultural identification.(Dong Baojun, 2005)Otherwise, different values can cause the difference of table manners.In cross-cultural communication, value is the core of culture.As a result, every country or society has their own value.To some extent, table manners are an epitome of a country’s value.Clyde Kluckhohn thought, value is “a concept of individual or collective possess which is dominant or recessive, it has national characters.The concepts affect people’s choices among the various behavior patterns, methods and goals.”(2005)In China, collectivism is the guiding value.But in western countries, they emphasize on individualism, self-worth and respect.The sharp contrast valu
es also give expression to the table manners.(2005)Just as Chinese often share a plate of food together, while westerners often eat food in their own plate.As to the historical background, China and the West obviously have their different history.In China, the table manners could date back to Zhou Dynasty;table manners have shaped quite complete system.After being highly praised by Confucius, table etiquette became the important part of powerful country.From Qing Dynasty, the modern table manners gradually shaped.(Dong Baojun, 2005)What’s more, the western etiquette also has a long history.The western table manners originated from Merovingian Dynasty in France.It is developed from the spirit of knight during the 11th century to 12thcentury;banquet became the center of western feudalism.In 13thcentury, it gradually had access to family and friendship.(Margaret Visser, 2007)With respect to the custom, the eating process usually consists of three parts.They are before dinner, in the dinner, after dinner.There are some etiquettes which should be observed during the whole process.Before dinner, we need to notice the arrival time, seating arrangement, order dishes and so on.In the dinner, we also need to know usage of napkin, usage of tableware, special tips and some drinking etiquette.After dinner, Chinese
and westerners also have different ways of paying the bill.The westerners usually give tip to server.The usual amount to tip is between 15% and 20% of the total amount of the bill.(Hao Han, 2007)But Chinese usually don’t give tip to server.Based on all the above discussion, I have chosen “an analysis on the reason of table manners’ differences between China and the West” for my research, and as the topic of my thesis.And it is believed that, from what has been discussed, it is still developing on the etiquette.Learning and using the right etiquette will not only step up our impression, but also promote the communication between people who come from different countries and have different cultural background.Bibliography [1]PostElizabeth.西方礼仪集萃[M].齐宗华译.北京三联出版社,1991.[2] MargaretVisser.餐桌礼仪:文明举止的起源,发展和含义[M].刘晓媛译,北京新星出版,2007.[3] 董保军.中外礼仪大全[M].民族出版社,2005.[4] 段洁.餐桌礼仪与口才[M].中国经济出版社,2007.[5] 杜学增.中英文化习俗比较[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1998.[6]浩瀚.礼仪英语情景会话模板[M].国防工业出版社,2007.[7] 林莹,毛永年.西餐礼仪[M].中央编译出版社,2009.[8]曲蒙.国际礼仪指南[M].文汇出版社,2006.[9]孙美玲.餐饮礼仪[M].陕西旅游出版社,珠海出版社,2009.[10] 王琪.现代礼仪大全[M].地震出版社,2005.[11] 张文娟.现代商业:中西方餐桌礼仪存在的差异[J].现代商业杂志出版社,2007.吃西餐的礼仪
第二篇:浅析中西方餐桌礼仪差异
浅析中西方餐桌礼仪差异
海外教育学院 121280028 郑徐娇
摘要:餐桌礼仪是饮食文化的一个重要组成部分。由于中西方国家的文化,思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式迥然不同,在与西方交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象,严重的影响了交往的顺利进行。餐桌礼仪在交际中占了很重要的地位。学习和分析中西方餐桌礼仪的差异对中西方跨文化交际具有重要的意义。
关键词:中西方,餐桌礼仪,差异
一、中国的餐桌礼仪
自古以来,中国就是“礼仪之邦”、“食礼之国”。懂礼、习礼、守礼、重礼的历史,源远流长。据《礼记礼运》记载:“夫礼之初,始诸饮食。”而最早出现的食礼,又与远古的祭神仪式直接相关。对此,《礼记礼运》又有一段概括性的描述,其大意是:原始社会的先民,把黍米
和猪肉块放在烧石上烤炙而献食,在地上凿坑当作酒樽用手掬捧而献饮,还用茅草扎成长槌敲击土鼓,以次来表示对鬼神的敬畏和祭祀。后来食礼由人与神鬼的沟通扩展出人与人的交际,以便调节日益复杂的社会关系,逐步形成吉礼、凶礼、军礼、宾礼、佳礼等“先秦五礼”,奠定了古代饮食礼制的基石。
据文献记载,至少在周代,饮食礼仪就已形成一套相当完善的制度。作为汉族传统的古代宴饮礼仪,自有一套程序:主人折柬相邀,届时迎客于门外。宾客到时,互致问候,引入客厅小坐,敬以茶点。客齐后导客入席,以左为上,视为首席,相对首座为二座,首座之下为三座,二座之下为四座。客人坐定,由主人敬酒让菜,客人以礼相谢。席间斟酒上菜也有一定的讲究:应先敬长者和主宾,最后才是主人。宴饮结束,引导客人入客厅小坐,上茶,直到辞别。这种传统宴饮礼仪在我国大部分地区保留至今,如山东、香港及台湾,许多影视作品中多有体现。清代受西餐传入的影响,一些西餐礼仪也被引进,中西餐饮文化的交流,使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。
餐桌礼仪在中国的文化传统中特殊的意义,在中国,餐桌不仅仅是满足基本的生理需求之地,还是重要的社会交往乃至提示处事经验的场所,餐桌上的礼仪体现了一个人教养和素质。因此遵守好餐桌礼仪在中国就显得十分重要。
二、西方餐桌礼仪
西方餐桌礼仪起源于法国梅罗文加王朝,当时因着拜占庭文化启发,制定了一系列细致的礼仪。到了罗马帝国的查里曼大帝时,礼仪更为复杂,甚至专制。皇帝必须坐最高的椅子,每当乐声响起,王公贵族必须将菜肴传到皇帝手中。在十七世纪以前,传统习惯是戴着帽子用餐。在帝制时代,餐桌礼仪显得繁琐、严苛,不同民族有不一样的用餐习惯。高卢人坐着用餐;罗马人卧着进食;法国人从小学习把双手放在桌上;英国人在不进食时要把双手放在大腿上。欧洲的餐桌礼仪由骑士精神演变而来。在十二世纪,意大利文化流入法国,餐桌礼仪和菜单用语均变得更为优雅精致,教导礼仪的著作亦纷纷面世。
时至今日,餐桌礼仪还在欧洲国家继续传留下去。西方家庭素有把餐桌当成课堂的习俗。从孩子上餐桌的第一天开始,家长就对其进行餐桌礼仪的培养。在西方,孩子一般在四岁时就学会了用餐的所有礼仪。五岁的孩子都乐于做一些餐前摆好所有的餐具,餐后收拾餐具等力所能及的事情。另外,他们还非常注重环保教育,让孩子知道哪些是可再生的“环保餐具”,哪些是不可再生的“永久垃圾”。教育孩子们尽量少用易拉罐等现成的食品,并注意节约用水、用电。因为他们懂得“滥用资源,即意味着对环境保护的侵害”。
三、中西方餐桌礼仪的差异
中国和美国在餐桌上的要求存在很大差异,并各有特,体现了不同的餐桌礼仪。
(一)饮食文化的差异
中国一直以来就是礼仪之邦,对于饮食也有自己独到的见解。孔子在《礼记》里讲“饮食男女,人之大欲存焉。”孔子对于人生的看法:凡是人的生命,不离两件大事:饮食、男女。因此中国人对饮食十分重视。在宴请宾客时,中国主人通常予以非常高的重视,餐桌上的菜品一般都是非常精致珍贵的,而且讲究荤素搭配,彩搭配,在身份地位或者文化水平比较高的家庭,甚至连菜的取名也有特殊的含义。而西方国家则更珍惜时间,做事以效率为原则,所以快餐店大行其道。就算是宴请宾客,主人的准备野与中国有着很大的区别。主菜很可能就是几道数量不多但是比较珍贵的蔬菜。
(二)餐桌用语差异
在请客人用餐时也有很大的差异,在中国,即使餐桌上的菜琳琅满目,主人也会说“菜很少,招待不周,还请大家多担待“;而西方国家的主人则会很随便的说“help yourself to some veg
etables”,显得很自然随意。同时中国的主人会不时往客人的碗里添布新菜,经常客人的碗被主人夹的菜装得满满的,但是在西方这是非常不礼貌的行为,主人的布菜会让客人觉得自己的意愿没有受到尊重。餐桌上的气氛中西方也是完全不同的,中国人讲究热闹,所以经常在餐桌上高声谈话,其气氛虽说是其乐融融十分和谐,但在西方人看来却是十分没有教养的表现。西方的餐桌礼仪讲究礼仪和素养,整个就餐过程应该是十分安静的,举止也十分优雅。
(三)座位排序不同 中西方都对宴请活动过程中的座位排序极为重视,中国人在传统的思想中,对八仙桌极为喜爱。在宴请中,年纪大的长者或是主人,以及德高望重的人坐到主要位置,其他客人会按顺序入座;而西方国家在宴请客人中,习惯用长桌,主人会坐在桌子的两端,而客人则按照次序入座,这种差异反映了中西方思想方面的差异,中国人喜欢幸福圆满的感觉,所以选择圆形的桌子。在桌子形状的采用中,可以看出西方人主张的是自我,个性张扬,符合西方的特质。
(四)餐具陈设和使用的不同
筷子是中餐最重要的餐具。在使用当中,用餐前筷子一定要整齐地放在饭碗的右侧,用餐后
一定要整齐地竖向放在饭碗的正中。不论筷子上是否残留着食物,都不要去舔;和人交谈时,要暂时放下筷子;不要把筷子竖直插放在食物上
面;不能用筷子剔牙’挠痒或夹取食物以外的东西。勺子主要是用来喝汤的,有时也可以用来取形状比较小的菜。用勺子取食物时,不要过满,免得溢出来弄脏餐桌或自己的衣服。用勺子取食物后,要立即食用或放在自己的碟子里,如果
取用的食物太烫,可以先放到自己的碗里等凉了再吃,千万不要用嘴去吹,也不要把勺子塞进嘴里,或反复吮吸。
西方餐具摆放时托盘居中,左叉右刀,刀尖向上,刀口向内,盘前横匙,主食靠左,餐具靠右,其余用具酌情摆放。酒杯的数量与酒的种类相等,摆法是从左到右,依次摆烈性酒杯,葡萄酒杯,香槟酒杯,啤酒杯。西餐中餐巾放在盘子里,如果在宾客尚未落坐前需要往盘子里放某种物品时,餐巾就放在盘子旁边。餐具的取用应由外而内,切用时可以使用法式方式,即左手拿叉右手拿刀,边切边用;也可用英美式,即右手拿刀,左手拿叉,切好后再改用右手拿叉取用&一般用右手拿汤匙和杯子用餐具把食物送到嘴里,而不要把盘碗端起来。使用刀叉进餐时,刀用来切割食物,叉用来送食物入口。使用刀时,刀刃不可向外,而且不
可将刀叉的一端放在盘子上,另一端放在桌子上;进餐中需要暂时放下刀叉时,应摆成八字型,分别放置餐盘边上,刀刃朝向自己,表示还要继续吃;用餐结束后将叉子的背面向上,刀刃向内与叉子并拢,平息放置于餐盘上,表示用餐结束。谈话时有肢体语言或传菜时,应将刀叉放下,不要手拿刀叉在空中挥动。用完刀叉后,应将其横放于餐盘中央,而不是盘边或餐桌上。