高考语法专题一：谓语动词的时态和语态
时态名称 | 结构 | 标志词 | 被动语态 | 难点与要点 |
一般现在时 | am \is \ are there be 结构 行为动词 | sometimes, often, usually, always, every day, once a week | am / is / are +done | 注意第三人称单数情况 |
现在进行时 | am/ is / are +Ving | now, look, listen, right now, at the moment, it's +几点 | am/ is/ are +being +done | 动词ing 形式的构成 |
一般过去时 | was/ were +表语结构 Ved | yesterday, last, ago; just now, in the old days, a moment ago, long ago, ih the 1990s | was / were +done | 注意动词的过去式的构成 |
一般将来时 | will/ shall +V原形 be going to +V原形 | tomorrow, next year, this year, at the end of this term, from now on, in the future, in a few days' time | will / shall + be +done be going to +be +done | 注意动词过去分词的构成 (与过去式的区别) |
过去进行时 | was / were +Ving | at +具体时间, at this time., when+一般过去时从句 | was / were +being +done | 与一般过去时的区别 |
现在完成时 | have / has +done | already, yet, just, never, ever, for, since, so far | have/has + been+done | 注意瞬间动词在现在完成时中的运用 |
过去将来时 | would / should +V原形 was / were going to +V原形 | Would/ should +be +done be going to +be +done | ||
过去完成时 | had +done | by+过去某一时点; before + 过去某一时间点; by the time +从句; 从句动作在主句动作前发生 | Had +been + done | |
| 用动词写一段话 |
be(am,is) | was | been | lose | lost | lost | ||
be(are) | were | been | make | made | made | ||
beat | beat | beaten | may | might | |||
become | became | become | mean | meant | meant | ||
begin | began | begun | meet | met | met | ||
blow | blew | blown | mistake | mistook | mistaken | ||
break | broke | broken | must | must | |||
bring | brought | brought | pay | paid | paid | ||
build | built | built | put | put | put | ||
buy | bought | bought | read | read | Read | ||
can | could | ride | rode | ridden | |||
catch | caught | caught | ring | rang | rung | ||
choose | chose | chosen | rise | rose | risen | ||
come | came | come | run | ran | run | ||
cost | cost | cost | say | said | said | ||
cut | cut | cut | see | saw | seen | ||
dig | dug | dug | sell | sold | sold | ||
do | did | done | send | sent | sent | ||
draw | drew | drawn | set | set | set | ||
drink | drank | drunk | shall | should | |||
drive | drove | driven | shine | shone | shone | ||
eat | ate | eaten | show | showed | shown | ||
fall | fell | fallen | shut | shut | shut | ||
feel | felt | felt | sing | sang | sung | ||
find | found | found | sink | sank/sunk | sunk/sunken | ||
fly | flew | flown | sit | set | set | ||
forget | forgot | forgot/forgotten | sleep | slept | slept | ||
freeze | froze | frozen | smell | smelt | smelt | ||
get | got | got | speak | spoke | spoken | ||
give | gave | given | spend | spent | spent | ||
go | went | gone | spill | spilt | spilt | ||
grow | grew | grown | spoil | spoilt | spoilt | ||
hang | hung/hanged | hung/hanged | stand | stood | stood | ||
have(has) | had | had | sweep | swept | swept | ||
hear | heard | heard | swim | swam | swum | ||
hide | hid | hidden | take | took | taken | ||
hit | hit | hit | teach | taught | taught | ||
hold | held | held | tell | told | told | ||
hurt | hurt | hurt | think | thought | thought | ||
keep | kept | kept | throw | threw | thrown | ||
know | knew | known | understand | understood | understood | ||
lay | laid | laid | wake | woke/waked | woken/waked | ||
learn | learnt/learned | learnt/learned | wear | wore | worn | ||
leave | left | left | will | would | |||
lend | lent | lent | win | won | won | ||
let | let | let | write | wrote | witten | ||
lie | lay | lain | |||||
一、时态的具体用法：
(1) 一般现在时 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。
① 一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语：often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如：They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他们每年去一次故宫)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意)
② 表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如：The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)/ Light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快)
③ 在条件状语从句中(以if,unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如：Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德国就给我打电话) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家)
④ 人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有：like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认为),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如：I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿)
(2) 一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态。
① 表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。如：I got up at 6：00 this morning.(我是
早上六点钟起床的)/ Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话)
② 表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有：yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如：He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年来到我们市)
③ 表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有：last…, in…, from…to…, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如：Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.
④ 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如：I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)
(3) 一般将来时 表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。
①一般将来时的时间状语有：tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon,
someday,sometime, in the future, when引导的从句等。
② 用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。“shall”用于第一人称,“will”用于所有人称。如：I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要从这所中学毕业了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一个人过了)
③ “am/is/are going to+动词原形”表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情,而“am/is/are to +动词原形”表示安排或计划中的动作。如：A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一个人告诉他们那个妇女就会生下那个特别的男孩)/ It’s going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)
④ 现在进行时也可以表示将来。
(4)现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。
① 现在进行时由“助动词be (am is are ) +现在分词”构成。
② 现在进行时的时间状语有： now, this …, these…等,但经常不用。如：What are you doing up in the tree?(你在树上干什么？)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在写一本长篇小说)
③ 表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有：come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如：I’m coming now.(我就来)/ What are you doing tomorrow?(你明天干什么？)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)
④ 表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情彩。如：He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借钱,过一些时候就忘得一干二净)
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