4级翻译虚拟语气讲解精选+习题
高中语法项目------虚拟语气Subjunctive Mood 一：分类
1在英语中有三种语气，陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气
二、形式
虚拟语气经常用在if引导的条件状语从句中，在条件句中做出和事实不相符的一种假设。
a.和现在事实相反的假设
If从句主句
主语+动词过去式+其它(be动词用were) 主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形+其它
如：If I were you, I would study hard. If he had enough money, he would buy a computer.
b.和过去事实相反的假设
If从句主句
主语+had done+其它
suggest的名词主语+had been done+其它主语+would/should/could/might +have done
主语+would/should/could/might +have been done(被动)
如：If you had come five minutes earlier, you would have met him.
If they had been treated in time, they would not have died.
c.和将来事实相反的假设
If从句主句
主语+were to do+其它
主语+动词过去式+其它
主语+should+动词原形+其它
主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形
如：If I were to do it, I would do it in another day.
If it rained tomorrow, we wouldn’t be able to go on picnic.
d.混合条件句
混合条件句是指条件句是对过去事实相反的假设，而主句则表示现在的某种情况。
If从句主句
主语+had done+其它主语+would/should/could/ might +be+表语主语+would/should/could/might +be+doing 主语+would/should/could/might+动词原形
三、注意事项
①如果从句中有were、had或者should时，则可以省略if，并将were、had或者should提前至
句首，构成部分倒装，但如果是否定句，则否定词not不提前。
如：Were I to be young again, I would study medicine.
=If I were to be young again, I would study medicine.
Had you not left so early, you might have missed the train.
=If you had not left so early, you might have missed the train.
②用介词短语代替条件状语从句，常用的介词有with, without, but for.
如：Without your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
=But for your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
=If it had not been for your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
=Had it not been for your help, we couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time.
③在句中出现了表示转折的连词，如or, or else, otherwise等，如果句意和事实不符也要用
虚拟语气。
如：You did what you were asked to, otherwise you would have been punished.
④如果句子中有短语for fear that, lest, in case时，要用should+动词原形来表示虚拟，should
可以省略。
如：He is working hard for fear that he fail.
⑤如果句子前半部分是虚拟，句中出现了but，后面句子则不用虚拟语气。
如:I would have come earlier, but I didn’t know that you were waiting for me.
The house would have been burnt down but the firefighters arrived in time.
四、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用
1.虚拟语气用在宾语从句中
a.虚拟语气用在宾语从句中，不表示“和事实相反的假设”而表示说话者的一种意愿、决心、要求、命令和建议。“一、二、三、四”
“一坚持insist二命令order, command三建议advise, suggest, propose
四要求ask, require, request, dem and”
虚拟形式“在从句谓语动词前加should，should可以省略。
My teacher suggested that I (should) spend more time learning English.
She suggested we (should)leave here at once.
The doctor ordered she should be operated.
注意：当suggest翻译成“暗示、表明”；insist翻译成“坚持认为、坚持说”，坚持的是一种事实，而不是表示一种命令或者要求时，不应该用虚拟语气，应该用陈述语气。
The smile on her face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
The man insisted that he had never stolen the monry.
b.在would rather后的宾语从句中也要用虚拟语气。
对现在、将来虚拟：一般过去时(did/be用were)
would rather
对过去的虚拟：过去完成时(had done0
I would rather you came tomorrow.
I would rather they didn’t hear of the news.
c. wish + 宾语从句表示不能实现的愿望，译为“要是……就好了”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“would/could + 动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”或“could(should) + have + 过去分词”。。
对现在虚拟一般过去时(did/be用were)
对过去虚拟过去完成时(had done)
对将来虚拟过去将来时(would do)
I wish I were a flying bird and could fly freely in the sky.
I wish I had met that film star yesterday.
How I wish it would be fine tomorrow!
注意：how I wish…=if only(要是……就好了)，虚拟和wish虚拟用法一致。
2.虚拟语气用在主语从句中
a. It is/was +adj.+ that+主语+should do (should可以省略)
adj:advisable,amazing,astonishing,better,clear,certain,desirable,good,interesting,impo-ssible, normal,necessary,possible…
It is natural that he (should) think so.
It was necessary that the plan should be planned carefully.
b. It is/ was+ n.+ that+主语+should do(should可以省略)
①表示“惊奇、怀疑、遗憾”等意义的名词词组，如: a fact, a good thing, a pity, a shame, a wonder …
②表示“请求、命令、建议、决心”等意义的名词，如advice, demand, decision, order, proposal, requirement, suggestion …
It is a pity she should say so.
It was her order that the matter should be discussed.
③It is/was+过去分词+that+主语+should do(should可以省略)
用在该句型中的动词过去分词表示“请求、命令、建议”等。
It is requested that Miss Li should give a performance at the party.
④It is (high) time that+主语+did/should do，should不可以省略
到做……的时间了。
It’s time that I picked up my daughter.
It’s high time we were going.
3.虚拟语气用在表语从句中
用在advise, idea, order, plan, suggestion, demand, proposal等后面的表语从句，需用“should do”构成谓语，should可以省略。
What I suggest is that we should start the work at once.
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