高中英语语法之动名词
一、含义
动名词有时态和语态的变化。
动名词的时态和语态的根本形式：〔以write为例〕
时态 语态 | 一般时 | 完成时 |
主动语态 | writing | having written |
被动语态 | being written | having been written |
注意：动名词的否认形式是：not writing
二、动名词的根本用法
１．用作主语---常表抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作。
Smoking is bad for your health.
Playing with fire is dangerous.
Swimming is her favorite sport. 游泳是她最喜欢的体育运动。
Learning is important to modern life. 学习对现代生活很重要。
注意：
① 不定式也可以做主语。不定式与动名词作主语的区别：
Getting up early is a good habit.
To get up early this morning made me sleepy.
② 动名词作主语，有时用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。
It is no use/ good doing...(做。。。没有用);
It is fun doing... (做。。。很有趣);
It is a waste of time doing... (做。。。是浪费时间) 等句型中。
例如：It’s no use crying over spilt milk.(覆水难收〕
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us.
说服这样一个人参加我们当中来是浪费时间。
2. 作宾语
① 作某些及物动词的宾语
常见的动词有：advise，avoid，delay，escape，excuse，enjoy，consider，finish，deny，fancy，keep，mind〔在乎〕postpone，pardon，practise，suggest，imagine等。
need，want，require后接动名词，表示被动意义。
如： Would you mind opening the door？请你把门翻开好吗？
Fancy meeting you here. 真想不到在这里遇见你。
② 作介词的宾语
He left without saying good-bye to us. 他没有和我们道别就离开了。
On arriving at the airport，I saw my mother standing in the crowd，waving to me.
一到机场，我就看见我母亲站在人中，向我招手。
③ 作某些词组的宾语
③ 作某些词组的宾语
常见的词组有：
give up，go on，put off，can't help，can't stand，be worth，be devoted to，be accustomed to，be used to，object to； insist on，look forward to，be sure of，be keen on，be fond of，be good at，be tired of，be interested in，be afraid of, cannot help 情不自禁 be tired of 厌烦做某事 insist on 坚持 depend on/upon 指望，依赖 set about着手做get down to着手做 feel like 想要 lead to 导致等。pay attention to
例： I'm looking forward to having the summer holiday in Kun-ming.
我盼望去昆明度暑假。
He gave up smoking several months ago. 几个月前，他戒烟了。
④ 某些词组后接动名词作宾语时，可省略词组中的介词。常见的词组如下：
He spends hours〔in〕reading newspapers everyday. 他每天花数小时阅读报纸。
We mustn't waste time〔in〕arguing.我们不能浪费时间争论。
The young doctor lacks experience〔in〕doing such kind of operation.
那年轻的医生在动这种手术上缺乏经验。
We must stop/prevent the teens (from) smoking.
我们必须阻止这些十多岁的孩子吸烟。
We had a hard time〔in〕finding jobs. 我们一度工作得很苦。
They earn a living〔by〕doing housework for other families.
他们为别的家庭做家务来谋生计。
他们讲英语〔没〕有困难。
注意：
⑤ 不定式也可以做宾语
I want to study English.
I hope to have a chance to go abroad.
⑥ 有些动词后即可加动名词也可加不定式，区别不大
★在begin，start，continue后接动名词和不定式都可以，一般情况下意义相同。
如：去年他们开始打篮球。
但如果碰到以下情况，begin和start后须用动词不定式：
〔a〕主语是物：
The milk began to boil. 牛奶开始煮沸了。
〔b〕后接心理活动或状态的动词：
They began to know the danger ahead of them. 他们开始意识到他们有危险。
〔c〕begin和start用于进行时态：
They were starting to have dinner when 1 went in. 我进去时他们刚要吃饭。
〔d〕后接被动式：
The TV tower started to be built several years ago. 电视塔是在几年前开始建造的。
★ 在need，want，require后接动名词和动词不定式的被动式，意义相同，都表示被动，表示需要被……的意思。如：
这电视机需要修理。
这小孩需要照顾。
这台洗衣机需要检查。
★ 在hate，like，love，prefer后可接动名词，也可接不定式，但意义不同，接动名词表示经常发生的动作，而接动词不定式那么表示某一具体的动作。如：suggest的名词
★在remember，forget，regret后接动名词表示已做过的事，而接动词不定式表示动作还未发生。如：
★ mean，try，go on，stop后接动名词和动词不定式，意义完全不同：
Mean doing意味着……
例如：His breaking the arm meant his doing things carelessly.
他摔坏了手臂意味着他做事粗心。
mean to do打算做……
例如：I meant to say I was sorry. 我想说声对不起。
try doing试试看〔用某种方法〕
例如：If you can't work out the problem this way，try doing it in that way.
如你用这种方法做不出这道题，试用那种方法。
try to do设法、试图
例如：I'm trying to open the door，but I don't think I can.
我正设法翻开门，但我想我是徒劳的。
go on doing继续干某事
例如：He was reading when he beard the door bell. He opened the door and went on reading. 他在看书时听到门铃响。他开了门又继续看书。
go on to do接着又去干另外一件事。
例如：
When he finished doing his homework，he went on to practise playing the piano. 他做完作业后，接着又练习弹钢琴了。
stop doing sth. 停止做某事。
例如：
Would you please stop talking？Let's listen to the story.
请你们停止说话，我们来听故事。
stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事。如：
例如：I'm tired. I want to stop to have a rest. 我很累。我想停下来休息一会。
3. 作表语
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。
(Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
(Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
Teaching is my job.= My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。
★ 动名词作表语的时候，特别要注意：不要与正在进行时混淆。动名词作表语，表达的是“某件事〞等。例如：
his part-time job is promoting new products for the company. 〔动名词〕
his part-time job is promoting new products for the company. 〔动名词〕
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