●段落分层
一、段落分层和文章结构识别的意义
阅读应该是快速识别结构并提取中心词的过程，而不是认识生词、组合意思、了解背景的过程。对结构有清晰的认识才能引导注意力，而且注意力聚焦带来速度。我们就是通过分层的步骤来认识段落和文章的结构。
二、段落分层
（一）概念
段落分层就是把一个较长的或者结构复杂的段落，根据讨论内容的不同（句）分成若干个层次，便于我们进行对段落结构的把握，准确理解脉络抓取重点并进行记录。所以段落分层就是对段落内句的判断。
（二）步骤
1） 读懂句子
一句一句的读，一边读一边想，思考每句话在讲什么。
2） 判断句子的功能/句间关系
读句子时，不仅要把握句子本身的含义，还要在上下句的关系中去考察它，通过一些提示词或者句意本身判断句子的功能（如 通过for example判断该句是举例, in contrast判断句子是相反情况）。
3）判断结构和分层
把同一个意思或者论证同一个观点的几句话合并在一起，作为一层；如果一句话就是一个独立的意思，那么这句话就是一层。
（三）段落分析范例及练习
“Artisans and Industrialization” （来自OG文章）
The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. (S1) The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. (S2) One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." (S3) With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. (S4) Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management.(S5) Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business.(S6) Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.(S7)
1)读懂句子
2)判断句子的功能/句间关系
Core（语义核心） | Cue(结构提示词) | Function（功能作用） | |
S1 | 改变不易接受 | / | 观点（段落主旨） |
S2 | Clock became new work rule | 顺承上句，无特别逻辑词 | 对前句S1观点的解释 |
S3 | 工人抱怨clock 使人变成机器 | One mill worker提示具体例子 | 例子论证，论证S2观点 |
S4 | 不仅失去自由，还失去身份 | With the loss of…also came the loss of … | 承上启下引出新的观点 承上部分总结了“自由的失去”，启下部分点出“身份的失去” |
S5 | 工人与管理层隔离 | 顺承上句, 无特别逻辑词 | 对S4观点”失去身份”的解释； |
S6 | 工人无法升职，也无法实现自己开业的梦想 | 顺承上句，无特别逻辑词， | 进一步解释，论证S4 |
S7 | 即使工资高的工人也能感觉到地位下降 | Even提示递进 | 继续解释S4观点 |
3)判断分层
本段的结构:
总（workers did not adopted the attitude easily）(S1)
——分一（loss of freedom to clock）(S2-S3-S4)
——分二（loss of standing）(S4-S5-S6-S7)
笔记：
题目
4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to
○support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories
○to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery
○argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories
○emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints
5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers EXCEPT a loss of
○freedom
○status in the community
○opportunities for advancement
○contact among workers who were not managers
Practice1. The Origins of Cetaceans（来自OG文章）
Another major discovery was made in Egypt in 1989.(S1) Several skeletons of another early whale, Basilosaurus, were found in sediments left by the Tethys Sea and now expose
d in the Sahara desert.(S2) This whale lived around 40 million years ago, 12 million years after Pakicetus.(S3) Many incomplete skeletons were found but they included, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes.(S4) Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land.(S5) Basilosaurus was undoubtedly a fully marine whale with possibly nonfunctional, or vestigial, hind legs.(S6)
Core（句子信息） | Cue(功能提示词) | Function（功能作用） | |
S1 | |||
S2 | |||
S3 | |||
S4 | |||
S5 | |||
S6 | |||
结构分层：
笔记：
题目：
7. The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus
○lived later than Ambulocetus natans
○lived at the same time as Pakicetus
○was able to swim well
○could not have walked on land
8. It can be inferred that Basilosaurus bred and gave birth in which of the following locations
○On land
○Both on land and at sea
○In shallow water
○In a marine environment
Practice2. Groundwater （TPO1-Passage1）
The necessary space (for groundwater) is there, however, in many forms. (S1)The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. (S2) Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. (S3)They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. (S4) For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. (S5)The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down. (S6)
Core（句子信息） | Cue(功能提示词) | Function（功能作用） | |
S1 | |||
S2 | |||
S3 | |||
S4 | |||
S5 | |||
S6 | |||
本段的结构：
笔记：
题目：
4. According to paragraph 2, where is groundwater usually found?
○Inside pieces of sand and gravel
○On top of beds of rock
○In fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soil
○In spaces between pieces of sediment
（四）段落分层常见的结构依据
文章的每一个段落都表达一个相对完整的意思，而这个意思的表达又总是一个层次又一个层次的按逻辑进行的，这就是段落结构。我们来结合以上练习来总结一下哪些关系的句子可以
归为一层，而段落常见的分层有哪些。具体见下：
同一层内的句间关系
一个层内的句子一定是为了说明相同的意思。我们要表达同一层意思，有以下几种方式，这些方式也是判断句子是否可以归为同一层的依据
1）重复：用不同的词句语言来重复表达相同的意思；
2）不同的论证方式。文章经常用不同的论证方式更加清晰地表达某一个观点一层意思。
i.解释说明。
ii.举例。
iii.对比比较。
段落分层常见的结构有如下几种：
1）总分式
2）转折式
3）顺承式
4）并列式
5）因果式
当然，段落内句划分的细致程度也是相对的，这一点从上面段落分层的依据也能看出来。段内分层的目的是理清篇幅较长、结构复杂的段落脉络，因此段落分层的划分要依据它所处的语境，不能过密也不要没有（夸张一些，过密的分层无异于每句都归为一个意，不如不分），要切实的起到段内分层的作用。比如，一个 “观点—解释—举例” 构成的段落，句的划分可以是观点//解释//举例；但当这个语段是在一个更大的段落中时，如在“现象—观点一—观点二—对两个观点的评价”段落中作为“观点一”存在，那么这个语段本身就是一个层。简而言之，以观点为单位的话，可以横向分，观点之间可以有总分、顺承、并列、因果、转折等分层关系。也可以纵向分，把一个观点内部剖析开看：观点、解释、重复、举例、对比等。
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