6.　现在完成时
一． 基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分词(done)
二．　句型：否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.
一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.
简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定)
    　    No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)
三．用法
1（1）现去在完成时表示过发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
  I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
My father has gone to work.(含义是:但是你没有我爸爸现在不在这儿)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）
或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
  ①for+时段
  ②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）
  ③since+时段+ago
④since+从句（过去时）
  ●⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）
  Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
   
　四．has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
  Have/Has gone(to) : 去了(现在不在说话现场)  例如：
例如：  Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.
Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）
My father has been to Shanghai.
Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）
My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.
五．现在完成时的标志　　
　1.　现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:
　* 以already, just和yet为标志
He has already got her help.　他已得到她的帮助。
He has just seen the film.　他刚刚看过这场电影。
He hasn't come back yet.　他还没有回来。
　* 以ever和never为标志　
This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
He has never been to Beijing.　他从没有到过北京。
　* 以动作发生的次数为标志
　He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。
　* 以so far（到目前为止）为标+before
　He has got to Beijing so far.　到目前为止他已到了北京。
She has passed the examso far.　到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。
　*  　①for+时段  ②since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志
注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday,last week, three years ago 等;        2)不能与when连用
2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
　六．过去分词
  　1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
  (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。         
  (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写辅音字母再加“ ed ”。          stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped  
   
七． 瞬间动词（buy,die,join,come，go ,leave,join ……）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词
buy----have    borrow -----keep  come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in   
go out----be out  leave ----be away  begin-----be on  finish----be over
open----be open  close -----be closed    die----be dead
现在完成时练习(一)
A)选用have, has填空:
1.I _______ told him the news.
2.She ________ come back from school.
3.You ________ won the game.
B)按要求改写下列各句:
4.They have bought a computer.(改成否定句)
_________________________________________
5.He has lost his book.
(先改成一般疑问句,再作肯定与否定回答)
_________________________________________
C) 单项选择
6. -Where have you _____, Kate?
　-I've ______ to the bank.
A. gone, gone　B. been, been　C. gone, been　D. been, gone
7. Her grandfather ______ for two years.
A. died　B. has died　C. has been dead　D. has been died
8. It's six weeks ______ I met you last.
A. when　B. since　C. before　D. for
9. Tom and Jack have arrived at West Hill Farm already.
A. have got　B. have gone to　C. have been to　D. have reached
现在完成时练习（二）
一、 单项选择。
1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _________what's happened to him .（呼和浩特）
  Ａ. knew  Ｂ. have known Ｃ. must know Ｄ.will know
2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?
  Ａ. already  Ｂ.never  Ｃ.ever Ｄ. still
　 3、Have you met Mr Li ______？
  Ａ. just  Ｂ. ago Ｃ.before Ｄ. a moment ago
4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two years .
  Ａ. is writing Ｂ.was writing Ｃ.wrote Ｄ.has written
5、—Our country ______ a lot so far .
—Yes . I hope it will be even ______ .
  Ａ. has changed ; well    Ｂ. changed ; good
  Ｃ. has changed ; better  Ｄ. changed ; better
　 6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .
  Ａ. was ; studying    Ｂ. will ; study
  Ｃ. has ; studied    Ｄ. are ; studying
　 7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .
  Ａ. know  Ｂ. had known Ｃ. have known Ｄ. knew
8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_______ it twice .
  Ａ. will see  Ｂ. have seen  Ｃ. Saw  Ｄ.see
9、—These farmers have been to the United States .
  —Really ? When _____ there ?
  Ａ. will they go  Ｂ. did they go
  Ｃ. do they go    Ｄ. have they gone
10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ?
  —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .
  Ａ. Did ; do ; finished    Ｂ. Have ; done ; finished
  Ｃ. Have ; done ; have finished    Ｄ. will ; do ; finish
　11、 His father ______ the Party since 1978 .
  Ａ. joined Ｂ. has joined Ｃ. was in Ｄ. has been in
　 12、—Do you know him well ?
  — Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .
  Ａ. were  Ｂ. have been  Ｃ. have become  Ｄ. have made
　 13、—How long have you ____ here ?
  —About two months .
  Ａ. been Ｂ. gone Ｃ. come Ｄ. arrived
　 14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .
  Ａ. has begun        Ｂ. had begun
  Ｃ. has been on      Ｄ. began
15、 It _____ ten years since he left the army .
  Ａ. is    Ｂ. Has  Ｃ. will  Ｄ. was
16、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library .
  Ａ.has gone  Ｂ. went  Ｃ.will go  Ｄ. has been
　 17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .
  Ａ. have been in    Ｂ. have been to
  Ｃ. have gone to    Ｄ. have been
18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ?
A. so they  B. don’t they  C. have they  D. haven’t they
19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China?
A. How soon, comes    B. How often, got
C. How long, came      D. How far, arrived

20、 His uncle____for more than 9 years.
A. has come here      B. has started to work
C. has lived there    D. has left the university
二、 句型转换。
1、He has never surfed, ?（改成反意疑问句）
2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)
____　＿＿＿＿　they been here?

3、The old man _________ last year. He＿＿＿＿for a year. (die) （动词填空）
4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换)
This factory ________ for twenty years.

5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
Miss Gao ________ _______ ________ ________ an hour ago.
6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）
　 Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .

7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)
_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.