2021考研英语:长难句翻译分析三
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2021考研英语:长难句翻译分析三
1. It is true that CEO pay has gone up——top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporation has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%.
生词:typical(adj. 典型的,一般的);on average(平均);publicly traded corporation(上市公司);varying(adj. 不同的,易变的);estimate(n./v. 估计,评估)
句子拆分:
第一步断句,断句一般根据标点符号,连词,短语等标准将长句子拆分,大致每一部分5-15词左右,本句可以拆分为:It到破折号;top到and;and到has;by到句末4个部分。
第二部判断句子的主干修饰成分
主句:It is true that CEO pay has gone up(形式主语结构,真正的主语是that从句,谓语是is,宾语是true)
同位语:top 到句末
时间状语:since the mid-1970s
定语:of typical workers on average (修饰pay); for large publicly traded American corporation(修饰改部分前面的pay)
插入语:by varying estimates
状语:by about 500%(修饰前面gone up)
并列句:top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporation has, by varying estimates, gone up by about 500%(and并列两个完整句子)
第三步调整语序,偏短的定语一般翻译到修饰对象的前面,插入语可以移到该句的前面。
第四步全句翻译: CEO的薪水确实上涨了——顶尖CEO们的薪水可能会达到普通工人平均薪水的300倍,而且自从20世纪70年代中期,据多方估计,大型美国上市公司的CEO薪水上涨了500%
2. The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay, though, is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.
生词:limited(adj. 有限的);talent(n. 人才);rapidly(adv. 迅速地)
第一步断句:本句不是很长,可以根据自己的基础情况选择断句或者不断句,如需要断句,可以根据标点符号段成the到though;is到句末两部分。
第二部判断句子的主干和修饰成分
主句:The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay, though, is that of limited CEO talent(主系表结构,核心主语是the best model,系动词is,表语that of limited CEO talent)
考研时间2021考试时间
定语:for understand the growth(修饰model),of CEO pay(修饰growth),of limited CEO talent(修饰代词that)
插入语:though
状语:in a world(修饰主句)
定语从句:where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly.
第三步调整语序,偏短的定语一般翻译到修饰对象的前面,插入语翻译到句子前面。
第四步全句翻译:然而,理解CEO薪水增长的最佳模式,是顶尖公司的商业机会正迅速增加的世界中CEO人才的不足。
3. On top all of this, major CEOs still have to do the job they have always done——which includes motivating empolyees, serving as an internal role model, helping to define and extend a corporate culture, understanding the internal accounting, and presenting budgets and business plans to the board.
生词:motivate(v. 刺激,激励);internal(adj. 内部的);define(v. 定义);extend(v. 延伸,推广,扩展);budget(n. 预算);board(n. 董事会)
第一步断句:可以根据破折号,逗号结合长度适中原则断成on到done,which到model,helping到accounting,and到句末4部分。
第二部判断句子的主干和修饰成分
主句:major CEOs still have to do the job
定语从句:(that)they have always done(修饰job);which到句末(修饰job)
状语:on top all of this
并列结构:
1. define and extend 由and并列两个动词
2. budgets and business plan 由 and并列一个名词和一个名词短语
3. motivating empolyees, serving as an internal role model, helping to define and extend a corporate culture, understanding the internal accounting, and presenting budgets and business plans to the board. 由四个逗号和and并列的五个动词-ing短语
第三步调整语序,偏短的定语一般翻译到修饰对象的前面,并列结构顺序不变。
第四步全句翻译:最重要的是,大部分CEO仍然要做他们一直在做的事——包括激励员工,树立内部榜样,参与定义和推广企业文化,理解内部财务管理以及向董事会呈现预算和商业计划。
2021考研英语:长难句翻译分析二
一、虚张声势的句子
They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.(2018 text 2)
这一句话看起来真的很长,而且也似乎是有难度的,因为大家的首先感觉就是逗号少,一句话很长。这种先入为主的观念就会在无形中给大家带来压力,因此一定要抛弃,我们要学会用科学的方法去判断。
首先是并列连词“and”,它一出现,前后并列,在成分和语义上具有一致性,因此原本很长的句子,就可以看作是A and B这样一个小结构。其次是单破折,英语中的单破折跟汉语中的单破折发挥着同样的作用,那就是解释说明。因此前面一句话就是“A and B,例如C”。 即“他们反复核查信息源,并且更偏爱从不同的角度看新闻,尤其是那些对所有偏见都持开放态度的新闻”。这句话翻译成汉语后基本的主谓宾顺序都没有发生大的变化,只不过修饰的位置有些许调整。所以像这种,就是“虚胖”的长难句,不值得大家担心。
二、定语从句
长难句之所以难,是因为英语中多了一些汉语没有的东西,比如从句。从句中,定语从句是我们常见到的从句类型,它的作用主要是修饰。定语从句一个明显的识别标志就是“名词+that/which”,而且从句中的“which”或“that”在句中是扮演成分的。
Fundamentally, the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product, first-class mail, and a regulatory structure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality. (2018 text 4)
本句的主干结构可以简化为:the USPS is in a historic squeeze between A and B,里面的A就是technological change,B是 a regulatory structure。A、B两个为名词短语,后面分别跟了that引导的从句。从句“that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new reality”,谓语动词是denies,前面必然需要一个主语,因此从句中的that就起到了主语的作用,以此来确定为定语从句。A后的that从句同样道理。这两个从句分别修饰了A,B。此外第二个从句中,“to adjust its operations to the new reality”为不定式作flexibility的定语。