PUTONGHUA
1. Putonghua is the common language of the Han ethnic group in China. It's standard Chinese language. It's Mandarin and official. It's based on Beijing phonetics and the dialect of the northern China.
2. The Chinese language is divided into seven major dialects. Speakers of different dialects in some cases cannot understand each other, but dialects are unified by the fact that they share a common script. The seven Chinese dialects are Northern dialect, Wu dialect, Xiang dialect, Gan dialect, Min dialect, Hakka(spoken in northern Guangdong and other provinces) and Cantonese.
3. Min, Hakka and Cantonese are widely spoken among overseas Chinese communities. In Taiwan a form of Min dialect is used, though the official language is Mandarin. Mandarin is also widely used in Singapore, where it's known as Huayu. Cantonese is mainly used in Hongkong, Macao and Guangdong province.
4. There are two system in written Chinese. One is simplified, the other is traditional. The simplified is used in Mainland. The traditional is used by H.k. Macao, Taiwan and overseas Chinese communities.
How do we learn pinyin well?
1.Today we will learn pinyin.
2.What is pinyin? Pinyin is the mark of phonetic notation for Chinese characters. It's made of three parts: initials, finals and tones.
3.For example, pĭnyīn, nĭ hǎo, xièxiè, zaìjìan
4.After learn three parts, we should be able to pronounce every single word.
5.How do we learn pinyin?
We divide our pinyin class into 10 classes.
In the first or second class, firstly recognize all (three parts).
Secondly, practice group by group. Thirdly, do some exercises.
ü的读法：i→ü First, try to pronounce "i", and then your tongue stays here,gradually purse your lips.Try it yourself.
INITIALS AND FINALS
Initial Sounds:(22)
These initial letters have the same pronunciation as in English:(f,l,m,s,(w),(y))
∙m-- (as in "man") n-- (as in "no") l-- (as in "letter")
∙f-- (as in "from") s-- (as in "student") w-- (as in "woman")
The following initial letters have slight differences as noted below. If the comment calls for a strong puff of breath, old your open hand several inches from your mouth and make certain that you can actually "feel" the breath as you pronounce the letter.
∙p-- (as in "pun" or "pop") note: use a strong puff of breath
∙k-- (as in "cop") note: use a strong puff of breath
∙t-- (as in "top") note: use a strong puff of breath
∙b-- (as in "bum") note: no puff of breath
∙d-- (as in "dung") note: no puff of breath
∙g-- (as in "good") note: no puff of breath
∙h-- (as in "hot") note: slightly more aspirated than in English The following initial letters are the more difficult for English speakers:
∙ z--(as in "friends")
∙ c--(as in "bits")
∙s--(almost the same as the pronounce of "s' in English)
∙zh-- (as in "judge")
∙ch-- (as in "church", but with a strong puff of breath)
∙sh-- (as in "shirt")
∙r-- (as in "run")
∙j-- (as in "jeep")
∙q-- (like the "ch" in "cheese")
∙x-- (like the "sh" in "sheep")
Final (Ending) Sounds:(39)
The finals connect with the Intitial sounds to create the one syllable words that are the basis of the Chinese language.
Although all Chinese words are one syllable, they are often combined to create terms made from several words.
∙-a (as in father)
∙-an (like the sounds of "John" or "angry")
∙-ang (like the sound of "under" or "rang' )
∙-ai (as in "high")
∙-ao (as in "how" or "out")
∙-o (like "aw")
∙-ou (like the "ow" in "low" or "boat")
∙-ong (like the "ung" in "lung" with a slight "oo" sound)
∙-e (sounds like "uh")
∙-en (like "un" in "open")
∙-eng (like the "ung" in "lung")
∙-ei (like a long "a" or the "ei" in "eight")
∙-er (like the "er" in "herd")
∙-i (like a long "e" or the "i" in "machine" or "see")
∙-ia ( like ya in "yard")
∙-ian (similar to "yen")
∙-iang(-i followed by ang)
∙-iao (like yow in "yowl")
∙-ie (like ye in "yes")
∙-ing (like "sing")
∙-iong (i merged with ong)
∙-iu (like yo in "yoga")
∙-u (like the "oo" in "loop")
∙-ua (u followed by a)
∙-uai (like wi in "wild")
∙-uan (u followed by an)
∙-uang (like wang in "twang")
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