高考英语名词性从句考情解读及知识点梳理
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句。考查的要点主要是连接代词和副词的正确使用,主语、谓语的语序,双重连接词以及特殊句型的使用等。其考点主要包括:
1.考查名词性从句的连接词。如:有词义的连接代词who, whose, whom, what, which; 连接副词when, where, why, how; 从属连词that, whether, if, as if; 无词义的that 在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。
2.考查名词性从句的语序和时态。
3.考查it 作形式主语、形式宾语的情况。如:
(1)It+be+形容词(necessary, important, obvious 等)+that 从句.
(2)It+be+过去分词+that 从句.
(3)It+be+名词(a surprise, a fact, a shame, an honour 等)+that 从句.
(4)It+不及物动词(appear, happen 等)+that 从句.
4.名词性从句中的虚拟语气。如:
(1)It is (was)+essential (important, natural…)+that…;
(2)It is (was) suggested (demanded, wished, desired…)that…等。
5.what 引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。如:what=the thing that/anything that…;what=the place that…;what=the time that…;what=the person that…等。
6.whoever,whatever,whichever 引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。
一、几种易混的从句的辨别
定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句有时候在形式上很相似,下面提供一些区分的方法:
1.定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系;而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容的。that 在定语从句中充当句子成分,可指物或人;而同位语从句中的that 在从句中不充当任何句子成分,只起连接作用。请比较:
(1)The news (that/which) he told us was exciting.
(定语从句,that/which 在从句中作宾语,还可以被省略)
(2)The          news          that          our          team          has          won          is          exciting.
(同位语从句,that 从句是说明news 的内容的,that 在从句中不作任何成分,但不能被省略)
辨析
判断是定语从句还是同位语从句可以用“加词”的方法,即在名词和从句之间加入一个be 动词,如果句子意思成立,则是同位语从句,否则,则是定语从句。如上面第二句,加上be 动词后:The news is that our team has won.句子意思成立,所以是同位语从句。而第一句,加上be 动词后:The news is that he told us.意思不成立,因此不是同位语从句。
【特别提醒】
一般情况下,同位语从句紧跟在它所说明的名词的后面,可是有的时候,为了表达的需要,名词与从
句之间被另外一些内容分隔开了,叫做“分隔同位语从句”。对于这类同位语从句,一定要根据句意,准它所
说明的名词。
2.定语从句与状语从句
请看两组句子:
第一组:区分as...和
(1)The new storybook is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.
(2)The new storybook is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.
这两句话只有一词之差,但语法结构大相径庭:第一句是as 引导的定语从句,as 相当于that/which(但不能用that/which),在从句中作understand 的宾语。第二句是结果状语从句,that 在从句中不作成分。
结论:当从句缺少句子成分时,用as...;当从句不缺少句子成分时,用。
第二组:选用in which, where 填空
(1)He left the key  he had been an hour before.
(2)He left the place  he lived for many years.
分析:第一句只能填where, where 引导的是地点状语从句,修饰主句中的谓语动词。此处where 不可换成in which,因为in which 只能引导定语从句,本句中根本就没有先行词(后面的从句不是修饰key 的)。
第二句填where 或in which。根据句意可知,后面的句子是对名词place 的修饰,因此此句是定语从句。
二、that 与what 的区别
that 引导名词性从句,在从句中不作任何成分,that 本身无意义,只起连接作用。what 引导名词性从句时,在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语等,what 表示“……的东西或事情”。请比较:
What I need is more time.(what 引导主语从句,在从句中作宾语)
That I need more time to do the work is very clear.(that 引导主语从句,在从句中不作任何成分)
The village is no longer what it used to be.(what 引导表语从句,在从句中作表语)
I had no idea what we should do next.(what 引导同位语从句,在从句中作宾语)
He will tell us what he saw in London.(what 引导宾语从句,在从句中作宾语)
精析
名词性从句中区分that 与what 的关键是:分析句子结构,看从句是否缺少句子成分。如果不缺成分,就用that,如果缺少句子成分(主语、宾语、表语等),且表示“……的东西或事情”就用what。
三、who, whoever 与no matter who 的区别
引导名词性从句,在句中作主语时用who,意思是“谁”,含有疑问意味,whoever 意为“无论谁”,不含有疑问意味。whoever 在引导名词性从句时,相当于anyone who,其中who 引导一个定语从句紧随其后。
另外,whoever 还可以引导让步状语从句,这时whoever 相当于no matter who,但是no matter who 只能引导让步状语从句。请比较:
1.Who has taken away my bag is unknown.
谁拿走了我的包还不知道。(若用whoever 显然句意不通)
2.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
无论谁违反法律都要受到惩罚。(whoever 表达的语气强烈)
3.I'm not going to let you in, no matter who you are.
=I'm not going to let you in, whoever you are.
(根据句意“我不会让你进去的,不管你是谁”,后面是一个让步状语从句,故用no matter who 或者whoever)
【特别提醒】
wh-ever 既可引导名词性从句,又可引导让步状语从句。引导名词性从句时,whoever=anyone who; whomever=any-one whom; whatever=anything that; whichever=anything/anyone that; whosever=any one whose。
Whichever he likes will be given to him.=Anything that he likes will be given to him.
无论他想要哪个都可以给他。
You should give the book back to whosever name(=anyone whose name) is on the cover of it.
你该把书还给任何一个他的名字在封面上的人。
【方法技巧】
做题时,具体思路如下:①通读全句,首先考虑是不是某种句型,如强调句型;②题干句若是疑问句,首先把它恢复为正常语序;③观察设空的前前后后,确定相关从句的性质;④确定从句性质后,回忆相关
从句的用法特点,从而作出取舍;⑤注意标点符号和并列连词(and, but)的作用;⑥将选项代入句子,看前后是否语意贯通。
高频考点一、考查宾语、表语从句
例1. (2018·天津卷)The gold medal will be awarded to  wins the first place in the bicycle race.
A.whomever B.wherever
C.whoever D.whatever
【变式探究】(2017·江苏) We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of it used to charge.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. how
【感悟提升】
1.what 引导名词性从句的五种用法:
(1)表示“……的东西或事情”:
They’ve done what they can to help her.
他们已经尽力帮助了她。
He saves what he earns.
他赚多少,积蓄多少。(2)
表示“……的人或的样子”:He
is no longer what he was.
他已经不是以前的那个样子了。
Who is it that has made Fred what he is now?
是谁把弗雷德培养成现在这个样子的?
(3)表示“……的数量或数目”:
Our income is now double what it was ten years ago.
我们现在的收入是10 年前的两倍。
The number of the students in our school is ten times what it was before liberation.
现在我校学生的数量是解放前的10 倍。
(4)表示“……时间”:
After what seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.
似乎过了几个小时他才苦笑着出来。
The young girl was too frightened to speak,standing there for what seemed like hours.
小女孩吓得不敢说话,大概在那儿站了几个小时。
(5)表示“……的地方”:
This is what they call Salt Lake City.
这就是他们称为盐湖城的地方。
In 1492,Columbus reached what is now called America.1492 年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。
2.what 与that 引导名词性从句时的区别:两者均可引导主语、表语、宾语从句。that 可引导同位语从句,但what 通常不用于引导同位语从句;what 可在从句中用作主语、宾语或表语,意为“什么”或“所…… 的”,而that 仅起连接作用,本身没有实际意义,在从句中也不充当任何句子成分(引导宾语从句时通常可以省略,如果有两个或两个以上并列的宾语从句,第一个从句的引导词that 可以省略,其余的不能省略)。
He doesn’t know what she likes.
他不知道她喜欢什么。
I believe (that) he will come to see us.
我相信他会来看我们的。
I had no idea that you were here.
我不知道你在这儿。
【变式探究】The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is  one can be entirely free from dust.
A. what
B. that
C. whether
whatever什么意思
D. why
【变式探究】You have to know  you're going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.
高频考点二、考查主语从句
例2.【2018·天津】The g old medal will be awarded to wins the first place in the bicycle race.
A. whomever
B. wherever
C. whoever
D. whatever
【变式探究】Your support is important to our work.  you can do helps.
A. However
B. Whoever
C. Whatever
D. Wherever
【变式探究】I truly believe  beauty comes from within.
A. that
B. where
C. what
D. why
高频考点三、考查同位语从句
例3. (2019·江苏卷)Scientists have obtained more evidence  plastic is finding its way into the human