Unit3 单元语法详解
宾语从句和表语从句
宾语从句
宾语从句在复合句中起宾语的作用,可以放在动词、介词及少数形容词之 后。宾语从句应用陈述句语序。
l. that引导的宾语从句
(1)that引导宾语从句时本身无词义,在从句中也不充当句子成分,在非正式文体中that可以省略。
I think( that) you are right. 我认为你是对的。
(2)由并列连词and和but所连接的两个或两个以上的由that引导的宾语从句,第一个从句的that可以省略,第二个及其后的从句中的that不可省略。
He said ( that) he had eaten nothing but that he was not hungry.
他说他没有吃东西,但不饿。
(3)在含有复合宾语的句子中,that引导的宾语从句必须后置,用it作形式宾语。可这样使用的动词有think, find, feel, consider, make等。
We think it possible that you can finish the job today.
我们认为你今天可能完成这项工作。
(4)that引导的从句一般不能作介词的宾语(but,    except, in除外),有时可借助it来表示。
I know nothing about him except that he is a writer.
除了知道他是个作家,别的我一无所知。
We depend on it that you help us with the work.
我们要靠你们来帮助我们完成工作。
1 The teacher informed us       we would have a test the next day.
解析:考查宾语从句。句意:老师告知我们第二天进行测试。从句部分不缺少句子成分,句意完整,所以填that即可。
答案that
2. whether/if引导的宾语从句
(1)    whether和if表示“是否”,在宾语从句中不充当句子成分。跟在动词后引导宾语从句,二者一般可以换用。
I wonder whether/if there is any need to spend so much money on the party.
我想知道是否有必要花那么多钱在这个聚会上。
(2)    whether引导的从句可用在介词后,if则不可。
Everything depends on whether you are for it.
一切取决于你是否赞成。
例2 I’m not interested in        they believe in me or not.
解析:考查宾语从句。句意:我对他们是否相信我不感兴趣。根据句意,从句作介词in的宾语,而且后面有or not,应该用whether。
答案 whether
3. 连接代词引导的宾语从句
what, which, who, whom,whose这五个连接代词本身有词义,在从句中充当 句子成分。
(1)    who在从句中作主语、宾语和表语,whom作宾语。
whatever什么意思I cant tell whom/who he saw. 我不清楚他看见谁了。
(2)    what, which和whose在从句中常作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
Do you know what the girls father is?你知道那个女孩的父亲是干什么的吗?
The twins are so much alike that I never know which is which.
这对双胞胎长得那么相像,我总弄不清谁是谁。
I wonder whose idea is better. 我想知道谁的主意更好一些。
(3) what( =the thing/things that)意思是“. . . . . . 的事物/事情”,所引导的从句相当于“先行词+定语从句”。
She did what she could to help the poor. ( =She did all that she could to help the poor. )她
尽力帮助穷人。
⑩3 Its difficult for us to imagine world.
解析:考查宾语从句。句意:我们很难想象古代社会是怎样的。 从句中like后缺少宾语,结合句意,答案应该是what。
答案 what
4. 连接副词引导的宾语从句
when, where, how, why这四个连接副词本身有词义,在从句中作状语。
Most of us in the well-fed world give little thought to where our food comes from or how its grown.
在这个食物丰足的世界里,我们大多数人很少去思考我们的食物从哪儿来,又是如何种植的。
I wonder who he is, where he comes from and why he comes.
我想知道他是谁,从哪里来,为什么来。
5. wh-+ever引导的宾语从句
whatever,whichever,whoever等词引导宾语从句,表示“任何. . . . . . 的人或东西”,在从句中一般作主语和宾语,whatever和whichever也可作定语。在语法作用 上,相当于“先行词+关系代词” (whatever=anything that; whoever =anyone who)。
Ill just say whatever comes to my mind. 我想到什么就说什么。(=I’ll just say anything that comes to my mind. )
They may marry whomever they desire. 他们可以娶任何他们想娶的人。(= They may marry anyone whom they desire. )
Take whichever seat you like.
你愿坐哪儿就坐哪儿。
例4 Some people believe        has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in
the future.
解析:考查宾语从句。句意:一些人认为之前发生的或正在发生的将来会重复出现。根据句意,believe后为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,结合语境,所以答案为 whatever 或 what。
答案 whatever/what
6. 宾语从句的时态:
(1)主句是一般现在时,宾语从句根据实际情况使用相应时态。
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk.
她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。(从句是一般将来时)
(2)主句是过去时态,从句需用相应的各种过去时态。
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon.
他说昨天下午没有课。(从句是一般过去时)
He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby.
他说他会去照看这个婴儿。(从句是过去将来时)
(3)当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时,无论主句是何种时态, 从句都用一般现在时。
The teacher told us (that) nothing is difficult if we put our hearts into it.
老师告诉我们世上无难事,只怕有心人。
She said (that) her father is twenty-eight years older than her.
她说她父亲比她大二十八岁。
He said that light travels much faster than sound.
他说光比声音传播得快得多。
表语从句
跟在系动词be, look, remain, seem等之后充当表语的从句是表语从句。可引导宾语从句的引导词大多也可以引导表语从句。
1. that引导的表语从句that引导表语从句时,在句中无词义,一般不可省略。
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
麻烦的是我把他的地址弄丢了。
例5 The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is       we can be entirely free from dust.
解析:考查表语从句。句意:雨季最好的事情是我们可以完全免受灰尘的影响。从句意思完整,不缺少句子成分,故答案为that。
答案:that
2. whether引导的表语从句
whether引导表语从句时仍表示“是否”之意,不能在从句中充当句子成分。 if则不用来引导表语从句。
The question is whether they will be able to help us.
问题是他们是否能帮我们。
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
问题是这部电影是否值得看。
All he could think about was whether or not John was safe.
所有他能想到的是约翰是否安全。
例6 The trouble is      he can come on time.
解析:考查表语从句。句意:麻烦的是他是否能按时来。从句中不缺少句子成分,根据句意有“是否”之意,故答案为whether。引导表语从句时,不可以用if。
答案:whether
3. as    if/as though引导的表语从句
as if/as though引导表语从句,意思是“好像,似乎”。