、形容词与副词名句法功能对比
词性
功能
举例
形容词
定语
She is a beautiful girl.
表语
The meal is very delicious.
宾语补足语(宾补)
You must keep the classroom clean.
主语(加the表一类人)
The old and the young should be taken care of.
副词
状语
He got up late today.
后置定语(表位置)
Life here is rich and interesting.
表语(大多表位置)
She isn’t in.
注:
1、形容词作定语在句中的位置
    一般情况下,形容词放在修饰词的前面,但如果所修饰的词是由any, some, no, every等构成的合成代词时,要放在这些词的后面。
e.g. Is there anything important in today’s newspaper?
另外,enough作形容词修饰名词时,一般置于名词前。
e.g. The man has enough money to buy a car.
enough作副词修饰形容词时要置于其后。
e.g. My son is old enough to go to school.
2、只能作表语不能作定语的形容词。
有些形容词如alone, afraid, asleep, awake等,只能作表语,不能作定语。
e.g.  a lonely man (一个孤独的人,不能说an alone man)   
The man is alone in that house.(那人独自一人在房子里)
3、多个形容词修饰同一名词时的排列顺序
  多个形容词作前置定语修饰一个名词时,其先后顺序一般遵循如下规律:
  描绘性形容词+形状+年龄或新旧++地区或产地+材料+用途+名词。(描形年,颜地材与用途
背例句:It’s a nice big old black Chinese wooden writing desk.
4、副词在句中的位置
  1)副词在句中的位置较灵活,可放在句首、句中或句末。一般来说,多数副词放在动词后面。但像very, much, still, almost 等程度副词,常放在修饰词之前。always, often, sometimes, never, usually等频度副词,常放在行为动词之前,系动词、情态动词、助动词之后。即:行前系后。
e.g. The plane flew very high.
He is often late for school.
  2)若地点副词与时间副词同在一句中时,地点副词在前,时间副词在后。同一性质的副词,小单位在前,大的在后。
  e.g. I’m going to meet her at the station in Shanghai at ten o’clock tomorrow.
二、形容词与副词的比较等级构成
构成方法
举例
原级
比较级
最高级
单音节词和少数双音节词
一般在词尾加-er, -est
small
long
smaller
longer
smallest
longest
以不发音的字母e结尾,加-r, -st
nice
late
nicer
later
nicest
latest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,改yi,再加-er, -est
easy
early
easier
earlier
easiest
earliest
以单个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,先双写这一辅音字母,再加-er, -est
big
hot
thin
bigger
hotter
thinner
biggest
hottest
thinnest
部分双音节词和多音节词
在词前加more, most
大多数副词在原级前加more, most
popular
delicious
quickly
happily
more popular
more delicious
more quickly
more happily
most popular
most delicious
most quickly
most happily
特殊变化
(两好三坏,两多一少,一远和一老)
good/well
bad/ill/badly
many/ much
little
far
old
better
worse
more
less
farther/further
older/elder
best
worst
most
least
farthest/furthest
oldest/eldest
注:1,降级比较是在原级前加lessleast
      e.g. old    less old    least old
2, 单音节词和少数双音节词最高级加-est , 部分双音节词和多音节词最高级前加most, 最高级前往往要加the, 但前面若有物主代词或指示代词修饰,不用the.
  e.g. I want to give you the most beautiful clothes.    He is my oldest friend.   
3, 一般来说,由加后缀而形成的双音节副词的比较级或最高级,常加moremost,没加后缀前按规则变化。
  e.g. slow---slower  slowly---more slowly;  quick---quickest  quickly--- most quickly
三、比较等级的几种常用句型结构
类型
结构
意义
举例
A=B
as+原级+as
……一样
She is as tall as her mother.
AB
not as/ so+原级+as
不及……
The weather here is not as/so hot as that in Wuhan
less+原级+than
不及……
He thinks English is less important than Chinese.
ABAB
比较级+than
……
My brother runs much faster than I.
表示程度的递增
比较级and比较级
越来越……
My home town is becoming more and more beautiful.
两种情况同时变化
the+比较级,the+比较级
...,
The older I get, the happier I feel.
三者以上
the+最高级+范围
……
Lucy dances best of all in our school.
注:
用比较等级需注意的问题
1)在比较时,注意比较的对象要一致。
    e.g. My pencil is longer than yours. (不能用you)
2)在比较时,比较的双方不能重叠(即不能包括自己)
    e.g. Bill runs faster than any other boys in his class.(other不能丢掉)
3)在比较级之前可用much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, far等修饰,以加强语气。
    e.g. I think fish is much more delicious than pork.
4)表示倍数,如“一半/两倍”用“half/ twice +as…as…”;“三倍/四倍/…等用“three/ four/…times +as … as…
    e.g. This tree is twice as tall as that one.    This book costs three times as much as that
one.
四、部分形容词与副词的构成方法
1、常见名词变形容词的方法
名词
构成方法
意义
举例
表示天气的名词noise的形容词
+y
充满的;多
cloud---cloudy  sun---sunny  wind---windy
表示方位的名词
+ern
方位的;朝
west---western south---southern east---eastern
表示称谓的名词
+ly
般的
friend---friendly brother---brotherly
表示时间的名词
+ly
week---weekly day---daily year---yearly
表示物质的名词
+en/y
制成的;般的
gold---golden sand---dandy
表示情感的名词
+ful/able
的;
care---careful  beauty---beautiful
hope---hopeful  use---useful
enjoy---enjoyable value---valuable
+y
luck---lucky  health---healthy noise---noisy
+less
的;
care---careless home---homeless hope---hopeless
表示大洲与国家的名词
+n
的;人的
America--- American Russia---Russian
2、一些些常见的形容词变副词的方法
形容词
后缀方法
举例
一般情况
+ly
quick—quickly slow---slowly strong---strongly
y结尾的双音节词
yi再加-ly
happy---happily heavy---heavily lucky—luckily
y结尾的单音节词
+ly
shy---shyly dry---dryly
e结尾
开音节词
+ly
wide---widely polite---politely
元音字母+e结尾
e再加-ly
true---truly
le结尾
e再加-ly
terrible---terribly possible---possibly
特殊变化
good---well
五、部分常见形容词与副词的用法比较
1interestinginterested
用法
例句
interesting表示主动意义,多指事物影响到人,意思是“使人的”。
Physics is very interesting.
interested表示被动意义,多指受到事物的影响,意思是“感到….的”。
I’m interested in physics.
一句辨异:I’m interested in the interesting book. (我对这本有趣的书感兴趣。)
2agobefore
用法
例句
ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”、它必须和一些表示时间概念的词组搭配使用。常在一般过去时态的句子中修饰动词。
I met him ten minutes ago.
They were in Beijing a week ago.
before通常用来表示在某个时间点以前,通常与完成时连用。
We had reached school before 7 o’clock.
before可单独作状语,也可以放在一段时间之后,常用于完成时中,而ago则不能单独作状语。
Have ever met him before?
He had been there tow days beore.
3.too, alsoeither