一、形容词与副词名句法功能对比
词性 | 功能 | 举例 |
形容词 | 定语 | She is a beautiful girl. |
表语 | The meal is very delicious. | |
宾语补足语(宾补) | You must keep the classroom clean. | |
主语(加the表一类人) | The old and the young should be taken care of. | |
副词 | 状语 | He got up late today. |
后置定语(表位置) | Life here is rich and interesting. | |
表语(大多表位置) | She isn’t in. | |
注:
1、形容词作定语在句中的位置
一般情况下,形容词放在修饰词的前面,但如果所修饰的词是由any, some, no, every等构成的合成代词时,要放在这些词的后面。
e.g. Is there anything important in today’s newspaper?
另外,enough作形容词修饰名词时,一般置于名词前。
e.g. The man has enough money to buy a car.
但enough作副词修饰形容词时要置于其后。
e.g. My son is old enough to go to school.
2、只能作表语不能作定语的形容词。
有些形容词如alone, afraid, asleep, awake等,只能作表语,不能作定语。
e.g. a lonely man (一个孤独的人,不能说an alone man)
The man is alone in that house.(那人独自一人在房子里)
3、多个形容词修饰同一名词时的排列顺序
多个形容词作前置定语修饰一个名词时,其先后顺序一般遵循如下规律:
描绘性形容词+形状+年龄或新旧+颜+地区或产地+材料+用途+名词。(描形年,颜地材与用途)
背例句:It’s a nice big old black Chinese wooden writing desk.
4、副词在句中的位置
(1)副词在句中的位置较灵活,可放在句首、句中或句末。一般来说,多数副词放在动词后面。但像very, much, still, almost 等程度副词,常放在修饰词之前。always, often, sometimes, never, usually等频度副词,常放在行为动词之前,系动词、情态动词、助动词之后。即:行前系后。
e.g. The plane flew very high.
He is often late for school.
(2)若地点副词与时间副词同在一句中时,地点副词在前,时间副词在后。同一性质的副词,小单位在前,大的在后。
e.g. I’m going to meet her at the station in Shanghai at ten o’clock tomorrow.
二、形容词与副词的比较等级构成
构成方法 | 举例 | |||
原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 | ||
单音节词和少数双音节词 | 一般在词尾加-er, -est | small long | smaller longer | smallest longest |
以不发音的字母e结尾,加-r, -st | nice late | nicer later | nicest latest | |
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,改y为i,再加-er, -est | easy early | easier earlier | easiest earliest | |
以单个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节,先双写这一辅音字母,再加-er, -est | big hot thin | bigger hotter thinner | biggest hottest thinnest | |
部分双音节词和多音节词 | 在词前加more, most 大多数副词在原级前加more, most | popular delicious quickly happily | more popular more delicious more quickly more happily | most popular most delicious most quickly most happily |
特殊变化 (两好三坏,两多一少,一远和一老) | good/well bad/ill/badly many/ much little far old | better worse more less farther/further older/elder | best worst most least farthest/furthest oldest/eldest | |
注:1,降级比较是在原级前加less或least。
e.g. old less old least old
2, 单音节词和少数双音节词最高级加-est , 部分双音节词和多音节词最高级前加most, 最高级前往往要加the, 但前面若有物主代词或指示代词修饰,不用the.
e.g. I want to give you the most beautiful clothes. He is my oldest friend.
3, 一般来说,由加后缀而形成的双音节副词的比较级或最高级,常加more或most,没加后缀前按规则变化。
e.g. slow---slower slowly---more slowly; quick---quickest quickly--- most quickly
三、比较等级的几种常用句型结构
类型 | 结构 | 意义 | 举例 |
A=B | as+原级+as | 与……一样 | She is as tall as her mother. |
A≠B | not as/ so+原级+as | 不及…… | The weather here is not as/so hot as that in Wuhan |
less+原级+than | 不及…… | He thinks English is less important than Chinese. | |
A>B或A<B | 比较级+than | 比…… | My brother runs much faster than I. |
表示程度的递增 | 比较级and比较级 | 越来越…… | My home town is becoming more and more beautiful. |
两种情况同时变化 | the+比较级,the+比较级 | 越...,越… | The older I get, the happier I feel. |
三者以上 | the+最高级+范围 | 最…… | Lucy dances best of all in our school. |
注:
用比较等级需注意的问题
(1)在比较时,注意比较的对象要一致。
e.g. My pencil is longer than yours. (不能用you)
(2)在比较时,比较的双方不能重叠(即不能包括自己)。
e.g. Bill runs faster than any other boys in his class.(other不能丢掉)
(3)在比较级之前可用much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, far等修饰,以加强语气。
e.g. I think fish is much more delicious than pork.
(4)表示倍数,如“一半/两倍”用“half/ twice +as…as…”;“三倍/四倍/…等用“three/ four/…times +as … as…”
e.g. This tree is twice as tall as that one. This book costs three times as much as that
one.
四、部分形容词与副词的构成方法
1、常见名词变形容词的方法
名词 | 构成方法 | 意义 | 举例 |
表示天气的名词noise的形容词 | +y | 充满…的;多…的 | cloud---cloudy sun---sunny wind---windy |
表示方位的名词 | +ern | …方位的;朝…的 | west---western south---southern east---eastern |
表示称谓的名词 | +ly | …般的 | friend---friendly brother---brotherly |
表示时间的名词 | +ly | 每…的 | week---weekly day---daily year---yearly |
表示物质的名词 | +en/y | …制成的;…般的 | gold---golden sand---dandy |
表示情感的名词 | +ful/able | …的;…有…的 | care---careful beauty---beautiful hope---hopeful use---useful enjoy---enjoyable value---valuable |
+y | …的 | luck---lucky health---healthy noise---noisy | |
+less | 不…的;…无…的 | care---careless home---homeless hope---hopeless | |
表示大洲与国家的名词 | +n | …的;…人的 | America--- American Russia---Russian |
2、一些些常见的形容词变副词的方法
形容词 | 后缀方法 | 举例 | |
一般情况 | +ly | quick—quickly slow---slowly strong---strongly | |
以y结尾的双音节词 | 变y为i再加-ly | happy---happily heavy---heavily lucky—luckily | |
以y结尾的单音节词 | +ly | shy---shyly dry---dryly | |
以e结尾 | 开音节词 | +ly | wide---widely polite---politely |
元音字母+e结尾 | 去e再加-ly | true---truly | |
以le结尾 | 去e再加-ly | terrible---terribly possible---possibly | |
特殊变化 | good---well | ||
五、部分常见形容词与副词的用法比较
1、interesting和interested
用法 | 例句 |
interesting表示主动意义,多指事物影响到人,意思是“使人…的”。 | Physics is very interesting. |
interested表示被动意义,多指受到事物的影响,意思是“感到….的”。 | I’m interested in physics. |
一句辨异:I’m interested in the interesting book. (我对这本有趣的书感兴趣。)
2、ago和before
用法 | 例句 |
ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”、它必须和一些表示时间概念的词组搭配使用。常在一般过去时态的句子中修饰动词。 | I met him ten minutes ago. They were in Beijing a week ago. |
before通常用来表示在某个时间点以前,通常与完成时连用。 | We had reached school before 7 o’clock. |
before可单独作状语,也可以放在一段时间之后,常用于完成时中,而ago则不能单独作状语。 | Have ever met him before? He had been there tow days beore. |
3.too, also和either
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