形容词专题
一 形容词的位置
1.多个形容词修饰同一个名词的次序
当一个名词有几个形容词修饰时,这些形容词的词序通常是:
限定词 -- 数量形容词(序前,基后)-- 性状形容词(如:beautiful)-- 大小、长短、高低等形状(如:round, fat)-- 新旧 -- 颜 -- 国籍 -- 材料 – 基本特征和用途 + 名词。
一般说来,只有两三个形容词时,主观的、抽象的、或较短的形容词放前;客观的、具体的、或较长的形容词放后。
There is a nice new cup on the table.
This is a long,interesting,detective story.
He is a brave young man.
2.后置定语形容词
(1)分词做定语常放在名词的后面。
the only place left 剩下的唯一的一个地方
the people taking part 参加的人
any person objecting 持反对意见的人
(2)形容词修饰something,everything,anything,nothing,somebody,anywhere以及类似的词时,须后置。
Have you read anything interesting lately?
Let’s go somewhere quiet.
(3)一些固定表达法。常见的有:court martial(军事法庭);Secretary General(秘书长);heir apparent(有确定继承权的人)
(4)以-ible,-able结尾的形容词可以放在所修饰的名词后面,也可前置,其意义有的相同,有的不同。
There were no tickets available for this Friday’s performance.
星期五演出的票已经没有了。
The motel had no available rooms. 该汽车旅馆没有空房间。
3.有些形容词可以做前置修饰语,也可以做后置修饰语,但是语义不同。
the members present 出席会议的成员 the person responsible 负责人
the present members 现在的成员 a responsiblenoise的形容词 person 一个可信赖的人
二 表语形容词
有些形容词常用作表语。只做表语用的形容词,没有级的变化。
1.以字母a-开头的表示状态的形容词。如:alive,alone,asleep,afraid,ahead,awake,
alike等。
Though father is retired,he is still very much alive.
Are you aware that you have hurt her feelings?
2.表示身体状况的某些形容词。如:faint,ill,well,unwell等。
He was faint with extreme fatigue. 他因极度疲劳而感到晕眩。
She has been ill in bed for a week. 她卧床在床一个礼拜了。
3.其他常用的做表语的形容词有:certain, glad, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprising, essential, important等。
I am sorry to hear that.
It is necessary for you to do it now.
三 名词化形容词
1. the+形容词构成名词化形容词。这类名词通常用来指某一类人。谓语动词一般用复数形式。
常见的有:the blind 盲人 the deaf 聋人 the sick 病人
the poor 穷人 the dead 死去的人
2. the+V-ed 形容词既可指一类人,也可指个别人,谓语动词视情况而定。如:
the accused 被告 the handicapped 残疾者
Several of the accused were found guilty. 数名被告被判有罪。
The number of the unemployed is still increasing. 失业者人数仍然在增长。
3. the+表示国家和民族的形容词。这些形容词以-sh,-ch或-ese结尾:British,English,French,Irish,Spanish,Welsh,Chinese.这些词也是复数形式。
The Chinese are a hard-working people. 中国人是勤劳的民族。
四 以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错: (错) She sang lovely.
(错) He spoke to me very friendly.
(对) Her singing was lovely.
(对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。例如:
The Times is a weekly paper. 《时代周刊》为周刊。
The Times is published weekly. 《时代周刊》每周发行一期。
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。
改错: (错) She sang lovely.
(错) He spoke to me very friendly.
(对) Her singing was lovely.
(对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。例如:
The Times is a weekly paper. 《时代周刊》为周刊。
The Times is published weekly. 《时代周刊》每周发行一期。
五 容易混淆的形容词
comprehensible,comprehensive
不包的”。
This is a book that is comprehensible only to specialists.
这是一本只有专家才可以理解的书。
I’d like a comprehensive street map of London,please.
请给我一张伦敦街道详图。
economic,economical
economic指有关经济的。意思是“经济学的,经济的”;而economical指与节约有关的,意思是“经济的,节约的”。
There are two problems in my life.The political ones are insoluble and the economic ones are incomprehensible.
我一生中遇到两个问题:政治问题难以解决,经济问题高深莫测。
This car is very economical on pertrol. 这部车很省汽油。
continual,continuous
continual和continuous都作“连续的”解,往往可以互换,例如:the continuous rain,the continual rain 连绵的雨。这两个词的区别是:continuous表示连续而没有间断,continual则表示连续而有间断。如:continuous noise 噪音不断,continual noise 噪音忽断忽续。
No one likes continual interruption while reading. 没有人愿意在读书时老被人打扰。
The continuous while line in the middle of the road means no overtaking.
路中央白连线的意思是不得超车。
considerable,considerate
considerable的意思是“值得考虑的,值得注意的;相当多的,可观的”;而considerate的意思是“替别人着想的,能体谅人的,关切的”。
The interviewing of callers makes considerable inroads upon my time.
会晤来客占去我相当多的时间。
He was always very considerate of his workers when they were in trouble or difficulty. 当他的工人们遇到麻烦和困难时,他总是十分体谅他们。
effective,efficient
effective的意思是“有效的”,“生效的”“有力的”;efficient的意思是“得力的”,“有能力的”“有本领的”,“有效率的”。
Man has a really effective weapon,that is laugh. 人类有一种真正有效的武器,那就是笑。
The really efficient laborer will be found not to crowd his day with work.
真正高效率的劳动者不会整天把工作排得满满的。
六 副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。
副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。
1.副词的位置
1) 在动词之前。
2) 在be动词、助动词之后。
3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意:
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如:
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
1) 在动词之前。
2) 在be动词、助动词之后。
3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意:
a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如:
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。
b. 方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。例如:
He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。
2.副词的排列顺序:
1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。例如:
Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些,仔细一些
3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
b. 方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。例如:
He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。
2.副词的排列顺序:
1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。例如:
Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些,仔细一些
3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
改错:(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如:
I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
改错:(错) I very like English.
(对) I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如:
I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。
There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
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