复合结构
1．定义结构
定义
英语复合结构是一种特殊的句子成分,它由两部分组成：第一部分是名词或代词,第二部分表示动作或状态.从逻辑上看,两个部分之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,很像句子的主语和谓语,但从结构上看却与句子中的主谓关系不同,区别在于复合结构的第二部分不是谓语形式,而是由动词的非谓语形式及其他词类或介词短语,从句组成的短语.
复合结构
（四大类）
不定式复合结构（of/for sb to do sth）
动名词复合结构（sb’s/sb doing sth）
独立主格（名词/代词+补足成分）
复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）
2．不定式的复合结构
不定式
的复合结构
（for/of sb to do sth）
动词不定式前加上for/of sb（名词或代词宾格）,构成“for sb to do sth”的不定式复合结构,其中sb作介词for的宾语,也可作后面不定式的逻辑主语,表明动词不定式的动作是由sb发出的.
例句：
It’s necessary for young people to learn a foreign language.
但是在“It is +adj+for sb to do sth”结构中,如果其中的形容词是表示人的性格特征或心理品质的形容词,如kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,cruel,wrong,
careless,polite,brave等,应用of sb to do sth
例句：
You are leader of our  is for you to decide everything.
It’s wrong of you to speak to the old man like that.
It’s clever of the boy to figure out such a difficult maths problem.
3．动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构
（sb’s/sb doing sth）
在动名词前加上物主代词或名词所有格,表明动名词这一动作的执行者.
例句：
His being late again made the teacher angry.
Do you know my（Mary’s）opening the window
It is no use your pretending that you didn’t know the rules.
但在口语中,这种结构如果作宾语（及物动词或介词宾语）,其中物主代词常用人称代词宾格,名词所有格常用名词的普通格.
例句：Would you mind me（Mary）opening the window
He was angry about me having to leave early.
I’m astonished at John suddenly starting to take an interesting in music.
特别注意以下几种情况
①动名词复合结构在句中充当主语时,其物主代词或名词所有格不能换成宾格.
Tom’s being late again made his teacher Mr Hopkins quite angry.
②当动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的名词时,只能用普通格而不能用所有格
Usually at the beginning of the school the noise of the desks being opened and closed could be heard out in the street.
I can never forget the scene of the boy being beaten by his father.
The boys were a alarmed by the door suddenly shutting.
③虽是有生命的名词但却表示泛指意义时,必须用名词普通格.
It sounded like a woman crying.
Bamboo has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something.
4．独立主格
定义
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上形容词,副词,不定式,现在分词,过去分词,介词短语等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子.该从属结构主要起状语作用,相当于一个状语从句,故独立主格结构也可做伴随状语.
结构
名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）
用法
1.名词(代词)+现在分词
Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西
There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家
2.名词(代词)+过去分词
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人们的生活条件大大提高,他们工作得更起劲了
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句.但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致
If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.（条件状语从句,主语不一致）
转换为：Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.（独立主格）
When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.（时间状语从句,主语一致）
转换为：Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.（分词短语）
还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其他成分
Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.
在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间（Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen）
3.名词(代词)+不定式
在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美
4.名词(代词)+形容词
The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse
特洛伊人睡着了于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来
Computers very small, we can use them widely.
电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们.
5.名词(代词)+副词
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
The lights off,we could not go on with the work.
6. 名词(代词)+名词
His first shot failure,he fired again．他第一没击中,又打了一
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童
7. 名词(代词) +介词短语
He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm．他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着
Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house,a vast load of firewood on her back．
每天下午,一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过
特点
1.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在
2.名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系,这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系.
3.它的位置相当灵活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开
独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词
判断
独立结构中没有连词,不是并列句,也不是复合句.句中使用了逗号.能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构.
例句
The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了,我们开始放假The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许,我们明天去看你This done, we went home.工作完成后,我们才回家he meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里,耳朵冻坏了He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆
注意
1.当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词）,也不用复数.但with的复合结构不受此限制A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.( hand前不能加his)2.当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
5．复合宾语
复合宾语
在英语中我们常常把宾语以及宾语补足语成为复合宾语.宾语与宾语补足语之间具有逻辑上的主谓关系,能作宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,现在分词,过去分词,动词不定式,介词短语.
例如：
His speech made us laugh（不定式）
Who would the teacher rather have write an article for the wall-newspaper（不定式）
When she woke up,she found herself in hospital.（介词短语）
Don’t leave the water running while you brush your teeth.（现在分词）
I want the house painted white.（过去分词）
Don’t keep the lights on all the night.（副词）
We consider him one of our best friends.（名词）
We found the movie wonderful.（形容词）
能够接复合宾语的动词可以分为三类：
1）感官类：see,notice,watch,observe,hear,feel等
2）意识类：believe,think,suppose,consider,wish等
3）使动类：keep,leave,make,have,let等
复合宾语时高考题中考查的热点和重点,在运用时要注意以下几个方面
①作宾语补足语的名词是表示独一无二的职位或头衔时,名词前不用任何限定词.
例句：We all made him chairman of the meeting.
②注意现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语时所表达意义的不同.
③一些使役动词make,have,let感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,hear,feel等其后跟动词不定式作宾补时必须省略其不定式符号“to”,但如果把该句改为被动语态则必须添加上不定式符号“to”.
A computer does only what thinking people have it do.
Paul doesn’t have to be made to  always works hard.
noise的形容词④在复合宾语中作宾语的如果是动词不定式或从句时,则必须用形式宾语it构成句型“make/find/think/feel等+adj/n+（for sb）to do/that从句”
He made it a rule to get up at six o’clock in the morning and do morning exercise.
I don’t think likely that they will accept our terms.
除动词可以接复合宾语外,介词with也可以接复合宾语,在句子中作状语和定语.