★苏格兰的首都一般现在时:care是什么意思
often, usually, always, sometimes, never, seldom, every week/day/, once a week, on Sundays
★一般过去时：
ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/year/, in 1989, just now, at the age of five, one day, ago, long ago, once upon a time, then(那时), on that day,
★现在进行时：
now, at this time, these days, Listen! Look! at this moment/time
★过去进行时：完成时态
at this time yesterday，at that time或"when + 一般过去时从句", at 1:00 last night
★现在完成时：
一人在内打一个字
recently, recent years, these days/years, lately, since, for + 时段, in the past few years, ever since, in the last five months, up to now, since then, so far,  ever, never, yet, lately, once, twice, three/, already, before, just.
★过去完成时：
before, by the end of last year/
★一般将来时：
tomorrow, next day/week/, soon, in a few minutes, by..., the day after tomorrow, in the future
★过去将来时：
the next day/,
the following
现在完成时：already, yet, so far, as yet, lately ,recently,these days/weeks/years, until now, up to now, since+ 时间点, for+时间段, in the last/past( few years)等
过去式：以前的某个时间点如yesterday，one year ago等， in the past
图
十女九丝一般现在时：always, usually, often, sometimes等
现在完成时英语16种时态中不易掌握的一种时态，不仅用法法复杂，而且还通常要与某些特定的词语连用。本文对现在完成时通常连用的词语作一归纳，供大家参考。
一、since不管since 是用作介词、连词还是副词，它通常都与现在完成时连用。如：Charles has worked hard since leaving school. 自从离开学校以来查尔斯工作一直很努力。(since为介词) Great changes have taken place here since 1978. 自1978年以来这里发生了巨大的变化。(since为介词)Her reading has improved greatly since she changed schools. 自从她转校以来，她的阅读水平提高了很多。(since为连词) You haven’t changed muchfy; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-s since we last met. 自从上次我们见面以来，你变化不大。(since为连词) She moved to London last May and has since got
a job on a newspaper. 她去年五月到伦敦，此后一直在报社工作。(since为副词) He left school in 1983. I haven’t seen him since. 他1983年离开学校。打那时起我一直没见过他。(since为副词)
【几点说明】1. 表示时间长度时，通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时。如：How long is it since you arrived? 你到来多久了?It is [=has been] ten years since he left here. 他离开这儿已10年了。2. 对于某些表示状态(如seem等)的动词，或因句义等方面的原因，有时可能用一般现在时比用现在完成时更合适。如：It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。 Since when does the $42 plus $5 service charge come to $48? 从什么什候开始42元加5元的服务费等于48元了? 3. 若不是指从过去持续到现在，而是指从较远的过去持续到一个较近的过去，则用过去完成时。比较：He hasn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 自星期二以来他一直未吃东西。(自星期二以来他一直未吃东西。指从星期二到现在未吃东西)Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。(指从星期二至昨天未吃东西
二、in the last five years类似于in the last five years的时间状语，它若表示从现在算起的过
去一段时间内，通常要与现在完成时连用。如：This company has come a long way in the last five years. 最近五年这个公司已经前进了一大步。The house has changed hands three times in the last two years. 在过去两年中，这栋房子已转手三次。Is that the sum of what you’ve done in the last two years? 这就是你最近两年中完成的全部数量吗?【注】其中的介词in有时也可换成for, during, over, within 等，有时也可省去。如：I have been here for the last two weeks. 最近两周我一直在这里。Over the last few years, prices have fallen sharply. 在过去的几年中，价格已急剧下降了。My business has decreased during the last two months. 最近两个月内，我的生意减少了。另外，若不是表示从现在算起的过去一段时间，则不用现在完成时。如：Jim managed two goals in the last ten minutes. 在最后的10分钟内，吉姆设法得了两分。【比较】I didn’t see much of Harry in the last months. 在最后的几个月中，我很少看见哈里。I haven’t seen much of Harry in the last months. 在最近的几个月中，我很少看见哈里。
三、in the past five years类似于in the past five years的时间状语，它表示从现在算起的过去一段时间，因此通常要与现在完成时连用。如：的时间状语，它表示从现在算I’ve seen little of her in the past few weeks. 近几周我很少见到她。We’ve planted thousands of tree
s in the past five years. 过去五年我们种了成千上万棵树。Population has increased by 200% in the past 25 years. 人口在过去25年内增加了200%。【注】其中的介词in有时也可换成for, during, over, within 等，有时也可省去。如：He’s been in a coma for the past six weeks. 在过去的六个星期中，他一直昏迷不醒。People have changed their diets a lot over the past few years. 在过去的几年中，人们的饮食习惯已改变了很大。Within the past few minutes, the President has issued a statement. 在过去的几分钟里，总统发表了一项声明。另外，有时可能用含有情态动词的完成式。如：I must have slept three hours in the past day and a half. 在过去的一天半时间里，我肯定只睡了三个小时。
 
四、over the yearsover the years 的意思是“这些年来”“经过这么多年之后”“最近几年”，通常表示的是从现在算起的过去几年，因此通常与现在完成时连用。如：She’s brought us so much happiness over the years. 这些年来，她给我们带来了不少的幸福。We’ve had a few arguments over the years, but in general we get on very well. 最近几年来，我们争吵过几次，但总的说来，我们相处得很好。Women’s social status hasn’t changed much ove
r the years. 这些年来妇女的社会地位没有多大改变。Over the years I’ve learnt to remember how to survive, and how to forget pain. 这些年来，我已经学会了记住怎样挣扎求生和怎样忘却痛苦。
【注】当不强调对现在的影响时，该短语有时也可与一般过去时或过去完成时连用。如： Over the years, her love for him deepened. 在过去的几年中，她对他的爱进一步加深了。She’d suffered terribly over the years but it hadn’t made her bitter. 她在过去的几年中吃了不少苦，但这并没有让她产生怨恨。有时over the years还可表示在将来的几年中，此时可与将来时态连用。如：The brickwork will mellow over the years so that it blends with the surroundings. 再过几年，这砖墙将会变柔和，这样它就会与周围的环境和谐一致了。
五、so far当so far表示“到目前为止”时，它指的是从过去某时持续到现在的一段时间，因此通常与现在完成时连用。如：So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。We agreed to meet here but so far he hasn’t turned up yet. 我们讲好在这里见面的，但到目前为止他还没有来。So far the work has been easy, but things may change. 到目前为止，这工作很容易，但情况可能有变化。Thankfully, the land has so far escaped .
谢天谢地，至今这块土地尚未开发过。【注】当so far表示“到这种程度或范围”时，则不一定与现在完成时连用，而是可以根据情况选用时态。如：I can only help him so far. 我只能帮他到这种程度。
 
六、up to nowup to nowup to now 的意思是“到现在为此”，指从过去持续到现在的一段时间，通常与现在完成时连用。如：Up to now he’s been quiet. 他直到此刻仍保持沉默。Her life has run smoothly up to now. 她的生活到目前仍一帆风顺。Up to now, the work has been easy. 到现在为止这工作还算容易。