高考英语学习提升课堂:定语从句的先行词和关系
定语从句有3局部构成:先行词、系词和从句。
先行词的英文单词是antecedent ,其词源学上的解释是:走在前面的词,我 们可以理解为:走在(定语从句)前面的或者说是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词
1 : Nearly all the people that I know love reading.
几乎所有我认识的人都喜欢阅读。
此句中,all the people (或者说people )就是走在前面的名词词组,就 是我们所说的先行词。
2 : He who is not for renovation is against it.
不赞成创新的人就是反对创新。
此句中,代词he在从句之前,是先行词。
关系词的英文单词是relative ,其词源学上的解释为:having reference or relation ,翻译为中文是:有涉及或有关系的词。
关系词的作用有两个:①放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接主从句的作用;② 在从句中代替先行词并且充当某个句子成分。
1that是关系代词,放在先行词people之后,连接后面的从句,其本 身又在从句中充当宾语"列2who是关系代词,放在先行词he后,连接后面的从 句,wh。本身又在从句中充当主语。
关系词可分为关系代词(Relative Pronoun )和关系副词(Relative Adverb ), 前者包括:who , whom , whose , that , which , as ;后者包括:when , where , why0
who 一般指人,常在从句中作主语、宾语、表语,只有在作宾语时可以省略, 省略后不影响句意。
whom也指人,在从句中常作宾语可省略,省略后也不影响句意。
whose即能指人,也能指物,在从句中作定语,不可省略。
that即能指人,也能指物,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时可省略并 且不影响句意。
which 一般指物或事,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时可省略且不影 响句意。
as即能指人,也能指物或事,在从句中主语、宾语和表语,不可省略。
定语从句的关系代词定语从句的关系词分为两种:关系代词和关系副词,重点讲述关系代词:
1who, whom, whosewho指人,在从句中作主语,在非正式文体中,可作宾语,作宾语时可被省略:
1 : A teacher is a person who teaches or instructs.
老师是教授或指导的人。
2 : The man (who) I hugged is a writer.
我拥抱的那个人是个作家。
whom指人,在从句中作宾语,常省略:
例:She always challenged everyone (whom) she met.
她总是挑战每一个她遇到的人。
注意:定语从句中介词提前时,whom不可省略:
彳列:She doesn't want to make friends with the elites to whom her parents introduced her during the ball.
她不想和她父母在舞会上介绍给她的那些精英做朋友。
whose可修饰人,也可修饰物,在定语从句中作定语:
1 : You are the only one whose advice he might follow.
只有你的建议他可能会听。(whose修饰人,表示"某人的")例 2 : Avoid going to the countries whose laws do not provide enough
protection for tourists.
不要去一些没有给游客提供足够的法律保护的国家。(whose修饰物,表示"某 物的")2、that, which
that在从句中可以指人,也可以指物(正式文体中多指物);可以作主语,也 可以作宾语(在非正式文体中可以省略):
1 : Is he the man that you love?
他就是你爰的那个人吗? that指人例 2 : I haven't watched the movie that you mentioned.
我还没看你跟我提到的那部电影。(that指物)例 3 : Can you think of any book that explains English grammar well?
你能想到哪本讲语法讲得好的书吗? that作主语)例 4 : He doesn't like the things (that) he saw in his company.
他不喜欢他在公司里看到的事情。
(that作宾语,可省略)which在从句中指物,可用作主语,也可用作宾语(非正式文体中可省略):
1 : He remembered the song which was played on his last birthday.
他记得在他上次生日时放的那首歌。which作主语)例 2 : She just broke the cup (which) I love.
她刚打碎了我爱的那个杯子。(which作宾语,可省略)注意:定语从句中介词提前时,which不可省略:
例:He made a machine through which he could speak to people thousands of miles away.
高考报名费他制造了一个可以让他和远处的人通话的机器。
定语从句里只能用that不用which的情况:
简单来讲,that(那个)具有明确指代性,不具备选择性;而which (哪个) 具有选择性。因此,领先行词不具备选择性时,关系代词只能用that不能用which
3、领先行词被序数词或形容词最高级或the only , the very , the last等修饰时:
1 : The smartest (最高级)woman that I have ever seen is now my girlfriend.
我见过的最聪明的女人现在是我女朋友。
2 :The first(序数词)thing that Y m going to do tomorrow is to visit him.
明天我要做的第一件事是去拜访他。
3 : He is the only one that I have confided my secrets to.
他是我唯一吐露心声的人。
根本原因:最高级、序数词、the only等都不具备选择性。
4、领先行词是指物的不定代词 all anything everything ,nothing ,none , some # little , few ,
much 等时:
1 : All that costs you is just time.
所有这些只是花费你的时间。
2 : He did everything that he could to prove his loyalty to her.
他做了一切能做的为了证明他对她的忠诚。
3 : None that happened during the past few years means anything to him.
过去几年发生的事,对他来说毫无意义。
根本原因:先行词(all , anything , everything , none等)不具备选择性。
all不是"所有"吗? some不是"某些"吗?为什么不具备选择性?
alleverything, anything 一样,包含所有作为整体看待,选其中任何一 个都一样,所以不具备选择性;
some基本意思为"某种","某些"指的是"具有共同点的一类",选其 中任何一个都一样,所以不具备选择性。
5、当主句的主语是疑问词whowhich时:
1 : Who is the girl that is smiling?
正在笑的那个女孩是谁?
2 : Which is the cover that has grabbed your attention?
抓住你眼球的是哪个封面?
根本原因:which不能修饰人;which哪一个已经要求后面指出具体 对象,不再具备选择性6、既指人又指物的时候,需要用that :
例:The patients and their belongings that were still in this hospital needed to be transferred to another one.
仍在这间医院的病人以及相关物品都得转移到另一家医院。
根本原因:which不能指代人。
7as 跟在such , sosame后面充当代词的角
as引导限定性定语从句,在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语;既可指人,也 可指物;可以构成 as , as , so...as 等结构:
1 : He was in such a bad mood as I have never seen.
我从未见过他情绪那么糟。
2 : You have never read so many books as I read.
你读的书绝对没有我读过的多。
3 : I like the same kind of music as you enjoy.
我喜欢你喜欢的那种音乐。
as引导非限定性定语从句,表示"正如、正像“,可修饰先行词,可修饰整 个主句,可以
放在句首、句中或句末:
1 : As everybody knows, true love is hard to find.
正如大家所知,真爰难寻。
2 : Chinese is, as you know, a very difficult language.