考点09  定语从句（解析版）
【命题趋势】
考生在定语从句的学习过程中存在着以下几个问题：(1)考生不能区分定语从句；(2)关系代词与关系副词的选择混乱，不清楚关系代词与关系副词的使用情况；(3)习惯性以翻译的方式来理解定语从句、同位语从句，而使自己陷入困境之中；(4)由于对句型结构分析不到位，经常出现代词与关系代词错用的情况。
【重要考向】
一、关系代词引导的定语从句；
二、关系副词引导的定语从句；
三、“介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句；
四、as引导的定语从句；
考向一 
关系代词引导的定语从句
【典例】
【2021高考报名费浙江卷语法填空】
BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool ______gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.
【参考答案】
    that / which 考查定语从句/关系代词。根据句意和句子结构可知，此处缺少引导定语从句并在定语从句中作主语的关系代词，而先行词tool为物，故此处填关系代词that或which。
【关系代词引导的定语从句提分秘籍】
引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语等。
1．who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year.
我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生成为了好朋友。
2．whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose＋名词”可用“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”来代替。
①Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful?
你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？
②This is the house whose window broke last night.＝This is the house, the window of which broke last night.＝This is the house, of which the window broke last night.
这就是昨晚窗户被打破的那所房子。
3.which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
①There used to be much shade of an old tree in the middle of the yard, which gave us much cool in summer.
过去，院子中央的一棵古树遮成的大片树荫使我们在夏季非常凉爽。
②We hope the measures to control house prices, which are taken by the government，will succeed.
我们希望政府采取的控制房价的措施会成功。
4.指物时，关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用that，而不用which。
(1)先行词是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词，或先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修饰时。
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
你给我的书我都已经读过了。
注意：当something确指某物或某事时，用that或which都可以。   
There is something that/which keeps worrying me.
有一件事一直令我不安。
(2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词the first，the second, ...，the last修饰时。
This is the best film (that)I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(3)先行词被the only，the very，the right等修饰时。
The only thing that matters is to find our way home.
唯一一件要紧的事情是到我们回家的路。
(4)先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.
他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。
5．在以下情况中，只能用which，不能用that。
(1)在非限制性定语从句中，如从句中缺少主语或宾语指物，只能用which。
Our football team won the final, which made us excited.
我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用which。
The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.
过去我居住的房子变成了鞋店。
考向二
关系副词引导的定语从句
【典例】
【2020全国卷Ⅰ语法填空】
Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ______it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
【参考答案】
考查定语从句。句意：中国首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个点向航天器和地球发射信号。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。
【关系副词引导的定语从句提分秘籍】
当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。
when＝表时间的介词(in, on, at, during等)＋which。
where＝表地点的介词(如in, at, on, under等)＋which；
why＝表原因的介词(如for)＋which。
1．关系副词when, where, why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
①Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.
现代人更加关心他们居住的环境。
②The reason why I don't trust him is that he often tells lies.
我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。
当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。
when＝表时间的介词(in, on, at, during等)＋which。
where＝表地点的介词(如in, at, on, under等)＋which；
why＝表原因的介词(如for)＋which。x^kw
2．way和time后接定语从句的情况。
(1)当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”，且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时，引导定语从句的关系词可以是that, in which或省略。如：
I don't like the way (that/in which) he looks at me.
我不喜欢他看我的方式。
(2)先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。如：
①This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.
这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。
②There was a time when I hated going to school.
曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。
考向三
“介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句
【典例】
【湖北省九师联盟2021届高三质量检测】Long, long ago, the King of the Skies had a lovely daughter, to ______ he made many careful plans for her future.
【参考答案】
考查定语从句。句意：很久以前，天空之王有一个可爱的女儿，他为她的未来做了许多仔细的计划。分析该句子结构可知，该句是由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词为daughter, 指人，从句中作介词to的宾语，故此处用关系代词whom，“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，指人，只能用whom。故填whom。
【“介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句提分秘籍】
掌握“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，要注意以下几点：
1关系代词的确定
在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom。如：
①This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.
这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。
②This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.