必修五Unit 1 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”
约翰·xx击败“xx”
    John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.约翰·xx是xx一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料xx女xx的私人医生。But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.但他一想到要帮助那些得了的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。This was the deadly disease of its day.在当时是最致命的疾病，Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的方法。So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.每次暴发时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓死去。John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.约翰·xx想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.他知道，在到病源之前，疫情是无法控制的。
He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.斯诺对致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.一种看法是病毒在
空气中繁殖着，像一股危险的气体到处漂浮，直到到病毒的受害者为止。The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二种看法是人们在吃饭的时候把这种病毒引入体内的。From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。
John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的，但他需要证据。So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry.因此，在____年伦敦再次暴发的时候，约翰·斯诺着手准备对此进行调研。As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information.当在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，约翰·斯诺就开始收集资料。In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.他发现特别在两条街道上流行的很严重，在10天之内就死去了500多人。He was determined to find out why.他决心要查明其原因。
First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived.首先，他
在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方。This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.这提供了一条说明起因的很有价值的线索。Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 and 40).许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近（特别是这条街
6、
高中英语课文7、
8、40号）。He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.他发现有些住宅（如宽街上20号和21号以及剑桥街上的8号和9号）却无人死亡。He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations.他以前没预料到这种情况，所以他决定深入调查。He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.他发现，这些人都在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工，They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水。It seemed that the water was to blame.看来水是罪魁祸首。
Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.接下来，约翰·斯诺调查了这两条街的水源情况。He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。这样，水泵就用不成了。Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.他证明了是由病菌而不是由气体传播的。
In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街暴发的有关联的死亡病例中发现了有力的证据。A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢那里的水，每天都要派人从水泵打水运到家里来。Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.她和她的女儿喝了这种水，都得了而死去。With this extra evidence John Snow was able to an
nounce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.有了这个特别的证据，约翰·斯诺就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。
必修五Unit 1 COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY
哥白尼的革命性理论
Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused.尼古拉·哥白尼被吓得心烦意乱的。Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system.虽然他曾经试着不去理睬那些数字，然而他所有的数学计算都得出了一个相同的结论：地球不是太阳系的中心。Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.只有当你把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea.他的这个理论可不能告诉任何人，因为即使他只暗示有这种想法，他都会受到强大的基督教会势力的惩罚。They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the s
olar system.教会认为世界是上帝创造的，正因为如此，地球就具有特殊的意义，它必定要成为太阳系的中心。
The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in a loop.这样，问题就来了，因为天文学家以前发现过，天上有些行星停顿下来，往后移动，然后再成环状向前移动，Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others.而其他行星看上去有时亮些，有时又不怎么亮。This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.如果地球是太阳系的中心，而所有行星环绕着地球转的话，那么这种现象就很奇怪了。
In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends.____年，他把他的新理论私下里给他的朋友们看。The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary.他对旧理论的修改是具有革命性的。He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth.他把太阳固定在太阳系的中心位置上，而行星则围绕着太阳转，只有月球仍然绕着地球转。He also suggested that the earth
was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars.他还提出地球在围绕太阳转的同时，它本身还自转，这样就说明了行星运动的变化情况以及星球亮度问题。His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious.他的朋友都热情地鼓励他把他的想法公之于世，而他却小心谨慎，He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.他不想遭到基督教会的攻击，所以他直到____年临终之前才公布了这一观点。