一、动词的-ed形式的特征
A． 动词的-ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝绝大部分的动词的-ed 形式由动词原形加-ed构成，也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。
A． 动词的-ed形式只有一种形式，即传统语法中的过去分词。绝绝大部分的动词的-ed 形式由动词原形加-ed构成，也有一些动词的-ed形式是不规则的。
B．动词的-ed形式的否定形式
动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。
Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside. 不允许他进去，他只好在外面等着。
Never invited to his party, she got angry with him. 从未被邀请过去他的聚会，她很生气。
动词的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加动词的-ed形式构成。
Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside. 不允许他进去，他只好在外面等着。
Never invited to his party, she got angry with him. 从未被邀请过去他的聚会，她很生气。
C．动词的-ed形式的特征
1．动词的-ed形式表示已完成的动作。
除了作形容词用的-ed形式外，动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 因为在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 鲁迅写的这些书，受到了很多中国人的喜爱。
除了作形容词用的-ed形式外，动词的-ed形式可带有完成的意义，有的同时也带有被动的意义。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 因为在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 鲁迅写的这些书，受到了很多中国人的喜爱。
2．及物动词的-ed形式一般表示被动的意思。
Given more time, I could have solved that riddle. 要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。（句子的主语I 和动词give之间是被动关系。）
Given more time, I could have solved that riddle. 要是有充足的时间，我就能猜出那个谜语。（句子的主语I 和动词give之间是被动关系。）
When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. 你说英语的时候，一定要让人懂得你的意思。（动词make的宾语yourself和宾语补足语understand之间是被动关系。）
The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study. 在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有协助。
The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study. 在军队获得的经验对我们的学习很有协助。
3．不及物动词的-ed形式只表示完成的意思，并不带有被动的含义。
an escaped prisoner 逃犯 （= a prisoner who has escaped）
a retired worker 退休工人 （= a worker who has retired）
a newly arrived guest 新来的客人 （= a guest who has just arrived）
We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.我们应该不时地从发达国家引进先进技术。
People should pay attention to the changed situation. 人们应该注意到变化了的形势。
an escaped prisoner 逃犯 （= a prisoner who has escaped）
a retired worker 退休工人 （= a worker who has retired）
a newly arrived guest 新来的客人 （= a guest who has just arrived）
We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.我们应该不时地从发达国家引进先进技术。
People should pay attention to the changed situation. 人们应该注意到变化了的形势。
二、动词的-ed形式的用法
动词的-ed形式在句中主要起形容词和副词的作用，能够作定语、表语、状语和补语。
A．动词的-ed形式作表语
1．-ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。
The students are fully prepared. 学生们已做好了充分的准备。
When we got there, the shop was closed. 我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。
She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars. 她对自己在高低杠上的表现感到很满意。
The land remained unexploited. 这片土地尚未开发。
Hearing the news, he looked disappointed. 听到这个消息，他看起来非常失望。
The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year. 山顶上终年积雪覆盖。
比较：
要把-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态中的-ed形式表示被动动作。
All the doors are locked. 所有的门都是锁着的。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态）
1．-ed形式在连系动词后作表语，说明主语的状态。
The students are fully prepared. 学生们已做好了充分的准备。
When we got there, the shop was closed. 我们到那儿时，商店已经关门了。
She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars. 她对自己在高低杠上的表现感到很满意。
The land remained unexploited. 这片土地尚未开发。
Hearing the news, he looked disappointed. 听到这个消息，他看起来非常失望。
The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year. 山顶上终年积雪覆盖。
比较：
要把-ed形式作表语和被动语态区别开来。作表语的-ed形式表示状态，被动语态中的-ed形式表示被动动作。
All the doors are locked. 所有的门都是锁着的。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态）
All the doors were locked by the guard. 所有的门都被卫兵锁上了。（被动语态，表示动作）
Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。（被动语态，表示动作）
2．同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作表语时的区别。
动词的-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而-ing形式作 表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved. 看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。
提示：
上述动词的-ed形式，有的（如pleased, tired, excited, disappointed等）已经变成形容词，能够被very, too等副词修饰。有的（如amused, puzzled, relaxed等）还不能被very, too修饰，只能被much修饰。
Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在这里。（-ed形式作表语，表示状态
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在这里。（被动语态，表示动作）
2．同一动词的-ed形式与-ing形式作表语时的区别。
动词的-ed形式作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，含有被动的意思，而-ing形式作 表语多表示主语具有的特征，含有主动的意思。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved. 看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动了。
提示：
上述动词的-ed形式，有的（如pleased, tired, excited, disappointed等）已经变成形容词，能够被very, too等副词修饰。有的（如amused, puzzled, relaxed等）还不能被very, too修饰，只能被much修饰。
These problems are very puzzling. 这些问题很令人迷惑。
We are much puzzled by his failure to reply. 他不给我们回信使我们百思不得其解。
His speech was very moving. 他的演讲非常感人。
All the people present were moved to tears. 在场的所有人都被感动得流泪了。
We are much puzzled by his failure to reply. 他不给我们回信使我们百思不得其解。
His speech was very moving. 他的演讲非常感人。
All the people present were moved to tears. 在场的所有人都被感动得流泪了。
B．动词的-ed形式作宾语补足语
当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词的-ed形式作宾语的补足语。
1．在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find后作宾语补足语。
I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night. 昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。
We found all the rivers seriously polluted. 我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。
study的过去分词 Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop. 昨天我在商店里注意到一个小女孩偷东西被抓住了。
He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind. 他感觉到衣领被人从后面拉了一下。
2．在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。
①动词的-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。
当作宾语补足语的动词和前面的宾语之间是被动关系时，一般应用动词的-ed形式作宾语的补足语。
1．在感觉动词see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find后作宾语补足语。
I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night. 昨晚我听了第九交响乐的演奏。
We found all the rivers seriously polluted. 我们发现所有的河流都被严重污染了。
study的过去分词 Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop. 昨天我在商店里注意到一个小女孩偷东西被抓住了。
He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind. 他感觉到衣领被人从后面拉了一下。
2．在使役动词get, have, make, leave, keep等后作宾语补足语。
①动词的-ed形式作get的宾语补足语。
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come. 我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。
比较：
动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。
I couldn誸 get the car to start this morning. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让帮他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。
Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？
②动词的-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提升了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。
You should make your views known to the public. 你应该让公众知道你的观点。
注意：
动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词的-ed形式，但不可用动词的-in
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come. 我得先把盘子洗了，然后就来。
比较：
动词get后也可接动词不定式或动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语，和宾语是主动关系。
I couldn誸 get the car to start this morning. 今早我无法把汽车发动起来。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让帮他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 让他说话不难，难的是说开了止不住他。
Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？
②动词的-ed形式作make的宾语补足语。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提升了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。
You should make your views known to the public. 你应该让公众知道你的观点。
注意：
动词make后的宾语补足语可用不带to的动词不定式或动词的-ed形式，但不可用动词的-in
g形式。
【误】Can you make the students understanding the text
【正】Can you make the students understand the text 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？
【正】Can you make the text understood by the students 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？
③动词的-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。
They all went home, leaving all the work undone. 所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房间里。
3．动词的-ed形式也可用在with（without）结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。
With everything well arranged, he left the office. 一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books. 她已经回来了，背包里塞满了有趣的图书。
Without any grain left in the house, the little girl had to go begging. 家里没有粮食，小女孩只好出去讨饭。
【误】Can you make the students understanding the text
【正】Can you make the students understand the text 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？
【正】Can you make the text understood by the students 你能让学生理解这篇课文吗？
③动词的-ed形式作keep或leave的宾语补足语。
They all went home, leaving all the work undone. 所有的工作都没完成，他们就回家了。
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 侦探和他的助手把自己整夜反锁在房间里。
3．动词的-ed形式也可用在with（without）结构中，作介词的宾语补足语。
With everything well arranged, he left the office. 一切都安排妥善之后，他离开了办公室。
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books. 她已经回来了，背包里塞满了有趣的图书。
Without any grain left in the house, the little girl had to go begging. 家里没有粮食，小女孩只好出去讨饭。
Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks. 如果不再给我们任何时间的话，我们三星期之内完成不了任务。
4．某些动词后（如want, need, prefer, would like等），作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了-ed形式作宾语补足语。
I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. 我希望这事立即得到解决。
I'd prefer this book translated by my sister. 我情愿让我妹妹来翻译这本书。
We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday. 我们需要这项工作周六之前完成。
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on. 农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。
4．某些动词后（如want, need, prefer, would like等），作宾语补足语的不定式被动形式省略“to be”，就成了-ed形式作宾语补足语。
I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. 我希望这事立即得到解决。
I'd prefer this book translated by my sister. 我情愿让我妹妹来翻译这本书。
We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday. 我们需要这项工作周六之前完成。
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on. 农民们不想让好好的农田被用来建造房子。
C．动词的-ed形式作定语
动词的-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。
1．前置定语
单个的动词的-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。
A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。
动词的-ed形式作定语修饰名词分为前置和后置两类。
1．前置定语
单个的动词的-ed形式作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，作前置定语。
A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. 所有的坏门窗都修好了。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。
提示：
如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。
Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。
2．后置定语
作后置定语的-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。
We have read many novels written by this author. 我们读过这个作家写的很多小说。（= that are written by this author）
Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。（= who had been invited to the reception）
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。(= which was attended by one thousand students)
A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. 一个律师装扮的女
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 我们到达的时候，每人被发给了一份印制好的试卷。
提示：
如要表示强调，单个动词-ed形式也可作后置定语。
Money spent is more than money earned. 入不敷出。
2．后置定语
作后置定语的-ed形式一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在语法上相当于一个定语从句。
We have read many novels written by this author. 我们读过这个作家写的很多小说。（= that are written by this author）
Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. 被邀请到招待会上的贵宾有一半都是外国大使。（= who had been invited to the reception）
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 这次会议获得很大的成功，共有一千名学生出席了。(= which was attended by one thousand students)
A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. 一个律师装扮的女
人走了进来，并作为法官就座。(= who was dressed like a lawyer)
3．动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别
动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动，而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在实行或和主动。
the risen sun 升起了的太阳
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳
boiled water 开水
boiling water 正沸腾的水
developed countries 发达国家
developing countries 发展中国家
fallen leaves 落叶
falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子
changed condition 改变了的情况
changing condition 变化着的情况
3．动词的-ed形式作定语和-ing形式作定语的区别
动词的-ed形式作定语表示动作已完成或和被动，而-ing形式作定语表示动作正在实行或和主动。
the risen sun 升起了的太阳
the rising sun 正在升起的太阳
boiled water 开水
boiling water 正沸腾的水
developed countries 发达国家
developing countries 发展中国家
fallen leaves 落叶
falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子
changed condition 改变了的情况
changing condition 变化着的情况
D．动词的-ed形式作状语动词的-ed形式作状语和-ing形式作状语一样，也能够表示时间、原因、条件、让步、 方式或伴随情况等。
1．表示时间
动词的-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。（= When the city is seen from ）
Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。（= After we had been shown ）
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. 经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。(= After he was )
提示：
有时动词的-ed形式前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。
When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。
动词的-ed形式作状语表示时间，相当于一个时间状语从句。
Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 从塔上往下看，城市显得很美丽。（= When the city is seen from ）
Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 带我们参观了实验室之后，又带我们参观了图书馆。（= After we had been shown ）
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. 经过医生彻底检查以后，他立刻回到了学校。(= After he was )
提示：
有时动词的-ed形式前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。
When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 当被问到为什么上课又迟到时，她羞愧地低下了头。
Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 一恢复健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦给这钟上了发条，它就会走半个月，并且走得很准。
2. 表示原因
动词的-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. 孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。（= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...）
Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. 因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。（=As it was written in haste ...）
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. 我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。(Because we were )
动词的-ed形式作状语表示原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. 孩子们被英雄事迹感动，情不自禁地哭了起来。（= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...）
Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. 因为写得快，她的信很难阅读。（=As it was written in haste ...）
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. 我们因为新发现而激动万分，决定出去庆祝一下。(Because we were )
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