2022届新高考英语必考语法之过去分词用法专题透析
基本用法：
(1) 表示已经发生的动作：
Born in a poor family, he could not go to school. 因生于贫穷家庭，他上不起学。
Built in 1501，the bridge is over 500 years old. 这座桥建于1501年，已有五百多年的历史。
(2) 表示经常性动作或泛指概念：
He is a man loved by all. 他是一个受大家爱戴的人。
The woman talked about is very rich. 人们经常谈论的那个女人很有钱。
【注】the woman talked about也可表示“已被人们谈论过的那个女人”。
(3) 表示与谓语动词同时(或几乎同时)发生的动作：
Asked why he came, he kept silent. 问他为什么要来，他一言不发。
He came in, followed by his secretary. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的秘书。
(4) 表示现在或过去(当时)的状态：
The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind. 凶手被带了进来，双手被绑在后面。
用法 | 意义及例句 |
表语 | 主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。 |
Don’t touch the glass because it is broken. 不要碰那个杯子，它是坏的。 He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。 | |
定语 | 过去分词作定语，一般放在名词的前/后面，相当于一个定语从句。 |
·单个的过去分词在n前：We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。 ·过去分词短语在n后：Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗？ ·用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。 The books, written by Linson, sell well. 这些书是Linson写的，很畅销。 | |
状语 | 过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随情况等。 * 它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。 |
①表时间，加when或whilestudy的过去分词来强调时间概念： （When）Seen from the top, it looked like an animal. 从上往下看，它就像一只动物。 ②表原因， Encouraged by the speech, he made up his mind to fight. 受到了讲演的鼓舞，他决定起来斗争。 ③表条件，有时过去分词前可用if等词 If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。 ④表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。 Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。 ⑤表方式或伴随情况。 He went into the room, supported by his wife.他在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。 ⑥表结果，The cup fell down to the ground, broken. 茶杯掉到了地上，破碎了。 | |
补足语 | 在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语； 但当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。 Have sth done，have sb do，have sb doing=keep sb doing |
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查牙齿？ They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。 | |
与ing的用法区别： | |
作表语的区别 | 过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受， 而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征 |
Hearing the news, we felt very surprised. 听到那个消息，我们感到很惊讶 The news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。 | |
作定语的区别 | 过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作； 而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。 |
boiled water开水 boiling water正沸腾的水 developed countries发展的国家 developing countries发展中国家 changed condition改变了的情况 changing condition变化着的情况 | |
非谓语动词考题五种常见设题陷阱
陷阱一：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查省略句
1. The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _________ every day.
A. watered B. watering C. water D. to water
【解析】答案选A。unless watered可视为unless they are watered之省略。又如：
Unless changed. this law will make life difficult for farmers. 这项法令除非进行修改，否则将给农民的生活造成困难。
2. No matter how frequently _________, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.
A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performed
【解析】答案选A。No matter how frequently performed可视为No matter how frequently they are performed之省略。
3. — I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend.
— _________ good.
A. Sound B. Sounded C. Sounding D. Sounds
【解析】答案选D。Sound good为It sounds good之省略。
陷阱二：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是形容词的用法
1. He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _________ in his lectures.
A. interested B. interesting C. interest D. to interest
【解析】答案选A。过去分词interested在此已转化为形容词，interested in意为“对……感趣”。
2. _________ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising
【解析】答案选B。由于与形容happy并列，故可排除C和D。又因为是用以说明主语Tony的心情，故用surprised，不用surprising。
陷阱三：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查某种句式
1. —It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
— _________ her this weekend?
A. Why not visit B. Why not to visit C. Why not visiting D. Why don’t visit
【解析】答案选A。Why not…为英语中常用句式，用于提出建议，其后只接动词原形，不接不定式或现在分词。注意不能选D，但是若D改为Why don’t you visit也可以选。
2. If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better _________ it—you’ve got some big bills coming.
A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget
【解析】答案选A。此处的better实为you’d better之省略。根据英语习惯，had better之后只能接动词原形，故选A。
陷阱四：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查祈使句
1. Mary, _________ here — everybody else, stay where you are.
A. come B. comes C. to come D. coming
【解析】答案选A。此处考查祈使句的用法，故用动词原形。
2. —What should I do with this passage?
— _________the main idea of each paragraph.
A. Finding out B. Found out C. Find out D. To find out
【解析】答案选C。此处考查祈使句的用法，故用动词原形。其实，此题也可视为You should find out…之省略。
陷阱五：形式上是考查非谓语动词，但实质上是考查并列句
1. At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _________down to eat our picnic lunch.
A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat
【解析】答案选D。由句中的and可知，此句为并列结构，且空格处填sat，与其前的谓语动词found并列。
2. _________ many times, but he still didn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Though he was told
C. To have been told D. He was told
【解析】答案选D。句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句，同时表明but前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)，又因为though为从属连词，用以引导让步状语从句，它与连接并列句的并列连词 but 不“兼容”，所以也不能选B。
3. First _________ the rice by washing it, then _________ it in boiling water.
A. prepare, cook B. preparing, cooking
C. preparing, cook D. prepare, cooking
【解析】答案选A。题干部分为两个并列的祈使句，故均用动词原形。
语法详解：过去分词作宾补
概念引入
上个单元我们学习了过去分词作表语和定语的用法。现在我们继续学习过去分词作宾语补足语。看这些句子：
1. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well.
2. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful government.
3. You find most of the population settled in the south.
4. They found the window broken.
5. ..., so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line.
这些句子中的黑体部分都是过去分词作宾语补足语。
用法讲解
宾语补足语是同学们学习英语的一个小难点，许多同学都弄不清到底什么是宾语补足语，它的作用是什么，所以我们今天就从宾语补足语讲起，重点讲解过去分词作宾语补足语的内容。
什么是宾语补足语
英语中一些动词除需要一个宾语外，还需有宾语补足语句子意义才完整，这样就构成了英语的六种基本句型（见【补充】）中的“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型。宾语与宾语补足语之间在逻辑上是主谓关系。可作补足语的结构有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词-ing形式、过去分词、不定式等。宾语和其宾语补足语也被称为复合结构。
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