一网打尽
I. 名词单数变复数
1.一般规律：
可数名词的复数形式，是在词尾加上“s”。
原词 | 复数 | 原词 | 复数 |
medal slave athlete | medals slaves athletes | magpie carnival award | magpies carnivals awards |
2.特殊情况
（1）以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾的词，其复数构成在词尾加上“es”。
注意音变：统一加读 [iz]。
原词 | 复数 | 原词 | 复数 |
actress peach box bush quiz | actresses peaches boxes bushes quizzes | bus church complex brush focus | buses churches complexes brushes focuses |
（2）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，将“y”改变为“i”，再加“es”。
注意音变：加读[z]
原词 | 复数 | 原词 | 复数 |
candy county library fantasy activity butterfly | candies counties libraries fantasies activities butterflies | spy glory agency discovery similarity | spies glories agencies discoveries similarities |
【注意区分】journey---journeys play—plays donkey—donkeys
（3）以-o结尾的名词，词后加“es”构成复数。外来词或缩写词，后加“s”构成复数。以“元音+ O”结尾的，词后加“s” 构成复数。
注意音变：加读[z]。
原词 | 复数 | 原词 | 复数 |
tomato potato hero | tomatoes potatoes heroes | Negro Torpedo | Negroes torpedoes |
外来词或缩写词 | 复数 | 原词 | 复数 |
piano tobacco solo motto kilo photo | pianos tobaccos solos mottos kilos photos | video radio studio zoo kangaroo | videos radios studios zoos kangaroos |
（4）以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词，一般把将“f”或“fe”改变为“ves”，但有例外。
注意音变：尾音[f]改读[vz]。
原词 | 复数 | 原词 | 复数 |
knife life leaf wolf calf | knives lives leaves wolves calves | self thief wife half | selves thieves wives halves |
【注意】roof—roofs belief---beliefs cliff—cliffs gulf---gulfs proof---proofs
3. 中学课本中一些特殊的复数形式：
原词 | 复数 | 汉译 | 备注 | 原词 | 复数 | 汉译 | 备注 |
woman child tooth foot goose mouse ox basis analysis medium datum abacus | women children teeth feet geese mice oxen bases analyses medium data abacuses\ abaci | Phenomenon woman teacher father-in-law son-in-law passer-by looker-on grown-up stand-by people | Phenomena women teachers fathers-in-law sons-in-law passers-by lookers-on grown-ups stand-bys peoples | ||||
II动词现在分词、过去式构成规则
“V-ing和 -ed”形式的构成的规则
V-ing 形式 | 规则 V-ed 过去式形式 | V-ed 过去式形式的音变 | ||||
动词后直接加—ing | 动词后直接加—ed | |||||
原词 | v-ing 形式 | 原词 | v-ing 形式 | library的复数清辅音，如[p],[s],[k],[s], [f]等后的-ed 读[t] [t]和[d]音后的-ed读[id] 浊辅音，如[b],[g],[l],[m],[n] 等后的-ed 读[d] 元音后,如的-ed读[d] | ||
earn dream perform approach | earning dreaming performing approaching | press represent reconsider comprehend | pressed represented reconsidered comprehended | |||
以“e”结尾的单词，去“e”加-ing | 以“e”结尾的单词，去“e”加“d” | |||||
amuse write hide ride | amusing writing hiding riding | breathe influence announce concentrate | breathed influenced announced concentrated | |||
重读闭音节且有一个辅音字母的，要双写该辅音字母，再加-ing | 重读闭音节且有一个辅音字母的，要双写该辅音字母，再加-ed | |||||
begin forget control forbid | beginning forgetting controlling forbidding | fit quit fulfil control | fitted quitted fulfilled controlled | |||
例 外 | 例 外 | |||||
tie lie die panic | tying lying dying panicking | 原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | ||
show smell swell wake | showed smelled swelled waked | showed\ shown smelled\ smelt swollen waked\ woken | ||||
III形容词、副词比较级别构成和形容词+ly构成副词的规则
单、双音节的形、副词后 直接加“er\ est” 比较级\ 最高级 | 在形容词后直接加“ly” | |||||
原 级 | 比较级\ 最高级 | 形容词 | 副词 | |||
cool deep swift slight strong simple | cooler\ coolest deeper\ deepest swifter\ swiftest slighter\ slightest stronger\ strongest simpler\ simplest | safe rare mere fluent excited constant frequent consequent | safely rarely merely fluently excitedly constantly frequently consequently | |||
以“e”结尾的分别直接加“r”或“st”构成比较级和最高级 | ||||||
rare safe rude polite | rarer\ rarest safer\ safest ruder\ rudest politer\ politest | “辅音+le”结尾的形容词，去“e”加“y” | ||||
ample simple gentle possible terrible portable comfortable | amply simply gently possibly terribly portably comfortably | |||||
重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母的： 双写辅音字母+er--双写辅音字母+est | ||||||
hot big wet red thin | hotter\ hottest bigger\ biggest wetter\ wettest redder\ reddest thinner\ thinnest | |||||
以“ic”结尾的形容词后加“ally” | ||||||
genetic energetic scientific automatic | genetically energetically scientifically automatically | |||||
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的单、双音节形容词或副词，把“y”变为“i”, 再加“-er\ -est” | ||||||
lazy dirty early funny happy empty pretty friendly healthy wealthy | lazier\ laziest dirtier\ dirtiest earlier\ earliest funnier\ funniest happier\ happiest emptier\ emptiest prettier\ prettiest friendlier\ friendliest healthier\ healthiest wealthier\ wealthiest | 以“y”结尾且读音为[ i ]的形容词,变“y”为“i”再加“ly” | ||||
easy lazy noisy lucky merry healthy contrary necessary | easily lazily noisily luckily merrily healthily contrarily necessarily | |||||
多音节的形容词或副词，以及以 “--ly”结尾的副词的前分别加“more”或者“most”构成比较级和最高级 | 特别注意 | |||||
看似有关实则无关的三对词 | ||||||
interesting important delicious intelligent diligent quickly rapidly slowly | more\ most interesting more\ most important more\ most delicious more\ most intelligent more\ most diligent more\ most quickly more\ most rapidly more\ most slowly | near（附近的） hard（困难的） late（迟的） | nearly（几乎） hardly（简直不） lately（最近） | |||
看形似但意有别 | ||||||
high wide deep close | highly widely deeply closely | |||||
不 规 则 | 例 外 | |||||
far few little good\ well bad\badly much\many | farther\ further; farthest\ furthest fewer; fewest less; least better; best worse; worst more; most | shy dry gay true whole | shyly dryly gaily\ gayly truly wholly | |||
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