U6 A
To work or not to work - That is the question梭罗树
打工还是不打工——这是个问题
Thereare numerous and reliable ways by whichone can measure the impact of employmenton student achievement, and we used several in our research. We compared the grades of students who work a great deal with thosewho work in limited amounts or not at all. We also contr astedworkers with non-workers, on different indicatorsof theircommitmentto education. Additionally, we followed students over time as they increased or decreased theirwork hours, and we assessed how different patterns of employmentaltered school performance and engagement.
工的学生的学习成绩。我们也对比了打工学生和不打工学生在学习投入程度方面的不同指征。另外，我们长期跟踪学生，了解他们在打工时间增加或减少时的表现。而且，我们还评估了不同的打工模式如何改变学习成绩和学习参与度。
We have simplifiedand classifiedthe data and the results are clear: The stakes are high. A heavycommitmentto a part-time job during the academic year, say, working 20 hoursper week or more, underminesand significantly interfereswith school achievement and commitment. Overall, our studyoffers proofthat students who worke d more than 20 hoursweekly were not comparableto theirclassmates . They earne d lowergrades, spentless time on homework, cut class more often, and cheated more frequently. And they reported lowerlevels of commitmentto school and more modest educational aspir ations.
我们把数据加以简化和归类，得出的结论很明确：学生打工付出的代价很大。在学年中花过多精力兼职打工，比如，一周打工20 个小时或更长时间，会影响和严重干扰学习成绩和学习投入程度。总的来说，我们的研究证明，每周打工超过20 个小时的学生学习成绩不及班上其他同学。他们的分数更低，花在作业上的时间更少，逃课更频繁，作弊更常见。而且据反映，他们的学习投入程度较低，学习志向也不够远大。
On the otherhand, we also detected a different pattern. Working for approximately 10 hoursper week or less seemingly does not take a consi stenttoll on school performanc e. Nevertheless, giventhat half of all employed seniors, aboutone-thirdof all juniors, and aboutone-fifthof all second-year students work abovethe 20-hour limit, indications are that a largenumber of students are at risk of co
mpromising theirschool careers with theirpart-time jobs.
但是，我们也发现了另外一种不同的模式。每周打工大约10 个小时或更少的时间对学习成绩似乎没有持续的影响。不过，鉴于一半的大四打工学生、约三
分之一的大三打工学生以及约五分之一的大二打工学生的打工时间都超过20 个小时的上限，由此表明，有很多学生面临因打工而危及学业的风险。Whereas it is true that more disengagedstudents are more likely to work long hoursto beginwith, it appears that working makes a margi nal situation worse. In otherwords, over time, the more students work, the less committed to school they becom e. When students withdraw from the laborforceor cut back on theirwork hours, however, the results are striking: Theirinterest in school is generated anew. This then is good news: The negative effects of working on schooling are not permanent.
虽说一开始确实是学习兴趣不大的学生更容易长时间地打工，但是打工看起来会让他们原本勉强的学习状况变得更糟。换言之，随着时间的推移，学生打工时间越长，他们对学习的投入就越少。但是，当学生退出打工队伍或者减少打工时间后，结果也引人注目：他们对学习的兴趣被重新激发起来。所以，这是个好消息，即打工对学习的负面影响并非是永久性的。
We uncovered numerous explanations for the undesirabl e effects of working on students' engagem
斗转星移什么意思entin school. First, owingto their demanding work schedule, working students have less time to devot e to school assignments. One common response to this time pressure is that they cut corners by taking easier classes, copying assignments from otherstudents, cutting class, or refusing to do work assigned by theirteachers. Over time, as thesebecom e established practices, students' commitmentto school is erode d bit by bit.
爱情的歌我们发现了打工对学生学习参与度产生负面影响的很多种原因。首先，由于紧张的打工日程，打工的学生用来完成学校作业的时间就减少了。面临这样的
ous时间压力，打工学生一个普遍的应付办法就是偷懒，比如选择较容易的课程、抄袭其他学生的作业、逃课或者不做老师布臵的作业。时间一长，当这些变成习以为常的做法以后，学生对学习的投入也就一点一点地减少。
Second, in orderto work 20 hoursor more each week, many students must work evenings. Evening work interferesnot only with doinghomework, but with both sleepand diet. Studies show that working students get less rest and eat less healthy mealsthan non-working stude nts. Burning the midnight oil makesworking teenagers more tiredin school. Teachers frequentlycomplain aboutworking students falling asleep in class. Nearly a thirdof the students in our studysaid they were frequentlytoo tiredfro
m work to do theirhomework. 第二，为了每周能打工20 个小时或更长时间，许多学生必须要在晚上工作。晚上工作不仅影响做作业，而且影响睡眠和饮食。研究表明，与不打工的学生相比，打工学生的休息时间更少，饮食也不够健康。熬夜让打工的青少年在学校时感觉更疲倦。老师们经常抱怨打工学生在课堂上睡觉。在我们的调查中，将近三分之一的学生说，他们经常因打工太累而不做作业。
Third, it appears that the excitementof earning largeamounts of spending moneymakesschool seem less rewarding and interesting.
第三，挣到数量可观的零花钱所带来的兴奋感似乎让上学显得没意义和乏味。Although mind-wandering during school is characteristic of youngadults, working students report significantly more of it than non-workers. Indeed, the rush from earning and spending moneymay be so strong that students who have a history of intensive employment , thosewho, for example, have been working long hourssincetheir secon d year, are actually at greater risk than theirclassmatesof dropping out befor e graduating.
虽说在学校学习时心不在焉是年轻人的通病，但是据反映，打工的学生比不打工的学生在这方面表现得更为糟糕。事实上，赚钱和花钱带来的快感也许过于强烈，以至于有长时间打工史的学生，比如从大二开始就长时间打工的学
生，实际上比其他同学面临更大的辍学风险。
Finally, working long hourscan be associatedwith increased alcoh ol and drug use. Working students use drugsand alcohol about33% more oftenthan non-working students. Our long-term studyshowsthat working long hoursleadsto increased alcohol and drug use for entertainment and recreationamongworking students. Teenagers with between $200 and $300 of monthly surplus incom e frequentlyhave more moneyto spendthan theirpeers, and oftenthey becom e accustomedto spending theirearnings on drugsand alcohol. According to our study, alcohol and drug use, in turn, may be linke d to disengagement from school, and therefore, is likely to depre ss school performanc e.
最后，长时间打工与饮酒和吸毒的增多有关。打工的学生和饮酒的概率比不打工的学生要高出大约33%。我们的长期研究显示，长时间打工导致打工的学生更多地饮酒和，他们借此来娱乐和消遣。每月多收入200 至300 美元的青少年通常比其他同学有更多的零花钱，而且他们也常常习惯于把自己赚来的钱花在吸毒和饮酒上。我们的研究表明，饮酒和相应地可能造成学习兴趣减弱，因此很可能导致学习成绩下降。
To summarize, conventionhas long held that earlyemploymentbuilds character. Our findings indicate t
hat for many students, worki ng 20 hoursor more a week can contributeto decreased school perfo rmanc e and increased drug and alcohol use. We know that thesefindi ngs may seem controversial to many. To our own surprise, our findings make us question how long we have held on to the conventional assumptions aboutthe greatvalueof work in our formative years. It's time to abandon this appealing myth! We conclude that students shoul d resolve to work no more than 10 hoursper week if they want to be successfulin school.
总而言之，长期以来的传统观念一直认为，早期的工作经历能锤炼性格。而我们的研究结果表明，对于许多学生而言，每周打工20 个小时或更多时间会导致学习成绩的下滑以及和饮酒的增多。我们知道这些研究结果可能在许多人看来是有争议的。令我们感到惊讶的是，我们的研究结果促使我们质疑，为何长久以来我们一直坚守着那种打工有利于我们成长的传统想法。现在是摒弃
这种诱人的错误观念的时候了！我们的结论是：要想学业成功，学生就应该下决心做到每周打工不超过10 个小时。
U6 B
Earn as you learn?
勤工助学?
As the cost of attending universityhas soare d over the last two decades, a frankand vigorous debat e is emerging over who shoul d pay for the cost of higher education. Whilein some countries students have alway s been expected to absor b part or even all of theirtuition coststhrou gh work or borrowing, in othercountries the tremendouscost of attending universityhas been provided by the relevant education authority or by parents. I am proudto be in the smallminority of stude nts who "earn as they learn" and absor b the cost of theirown university education in spiteof the many obstacles.
随着近20 年上大学费用的急剧攀升，高等教育费用应该由谁支付的问题引发了坦诚而激烈的争论。在有些国家，人们总是希望学生通过打工或贷款来承担部分或全部的学费，而在另一些国家，上大学的大笔费用一直由有关教育沈石溪简介
部门或者父母提供。我是少数派学生中的一员，通过“勤工助学”、克服种种困
难去承担自己的学费，我为此而感到自豪。
As for the remaining majority, I ask myself, "Is it me, or are students these days just lazy?" Collectively, they claimthat they have no capacity to pay for college. I thinkit's more a matter of them simply not wanting to pay or contribute. During college I consistently endured comments from peers
with scholarships and loans, and peerswho had new cars and expensive apartments, who wouldask me, eyes bulging, "You mean your parents didn't help you at all?" "How did you pay for tuition?" My response was simple: "I worke d." They wouldlook at me blankly, as though I had told them I'd gone to the moon.
至于其他大多数人，我问自己：“是我情况特殊，还是现在的学生就是懒惰呢？”大家都说自己没有支付大学学费的能力。我认为倒不如说是他们不想自己出钱或不愿分担学费。在大学时，我一直忍受着其他同学的评论。他们拿着奖学金和助学贷款，或者开着崭新的汽车、住着昂贵的公寓。他们会瞪大眼睛问我：“你是说你的父母一点资助都不给你吗？”“那你怎么付学费啊？”我的回答很简单：“我打工。”然后他们就会一脸不解地看着我，仿佛我告诉他们我去过月球一样。
As an undergraduate student, I worke d for two solidyearsas a day care provider earning minimum wage. Then I paid for the rest of my educa tion by helping deaf children and working as a tutorin a private school.
读本科时，我做了整整两年的日托保育员，拿的是最低工资。后来，我还照顾过
失聪儿童，也当过私人学校的助教，以此支付我其余的学费。
Looking back, I'm not sure how I managed to coverall the costsof my education. But I did. And I bought everysingl e textbook and pencil mysel f too.
回顾过去，我都不清楚我是怎么设法付清了我所有的学费的。但是，我做到了。而且，每一本课本、每一支铅笔也都是我自己花钱买的。
Sometimes, I did feel a littl e sorryfor myself, especiallywhen I compared mysel f to wealthy students. I once askedanother student if she worke d. "Oh, no!" she said, startled, "I go to school full-time." She was taking only 13 credit hours, and yet was "too busy" to work. She went on to explain that her parents paid for everythingand provided her with everynecessity, and many luxuries too!
二月的别称有时候，我也有点儿为自己感到难过，尤其是当我把自己跟家境富裕的同学相比时。有一次，我问另一个同学她是否打工。“哦，我不打工！”她说，很吃惊的样子，“我是全职学生。”她只上13 学分的课，但竟然“没有空”去打工。她接着解释道，她的父母负担她的所有费用，为她提供一切日常所需，还有许多奢侈品！Truthfully, I was a littl e envious of her easy life as I took 18 credit hours so that I couldgraduate within four years. Besides, I was working 25 hours a week so I couldpay tuition without futur e loan debt. And here's something amazing: I pulle d straight A's and was at the top of my class!
说真的，我有点儿嫉妒她那轻松的生活。因为为了能在四年内毕业，我得上18 个学分的课。另外，我每周打工25 个小时，这样我才能付清学费，将来不会有贷款债务。而令人难以相信的是：我门门功课都得A，成绩在班里名列前茅！
One day I caught a glimpse of that same girl's report card at the end of the term. She pulle d C’s and a few B's, low grades, whichdidn't surprise me. Having to work hard and multitask forces you to prioritize, a skillshe hadn't learned.
期末的某一天，我瞥见了那位女生的成绩单。她得的大多是C，以及几个B，成绩不佳。对此我并不感到惊讶。要做到努力打工，并且要同时做好几件事，这就迫使你按轻重缓急来安排事情，而这种技能她还没有学会。
I am awarethat my work and studychoices are not popular and that
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