科学技术，采取法律、行政、经济和宣传等综合措施，结合经济社会结构的调整，提高资
源的利用效率，循环再生废弃物资源，实现资源开发利用的高效合理和永续利用的一种社
会系统。
资源节约型社会评价指标体系框架：按资源种类将资源分为水资源、土地资源、矿产资源、能源和其他等5种资源，按资源的循环过程分为开发、利用、排放和回用4个循环过程，在
每个循环过程中选取指标，从而建立一个包含5类资源、4个循环过程、3个层次的指标体系，简称为“543指标体系”。其中，3层次分别是：（1）资源层：本书将资源分为水资源、土地资源、矿产资源、能源和其他共5种资源；（2）过程层：本书在第一层“资源层”的基
础上，将各种资源按资源的循环过程分为开发、利用、排放和回用共4个循环过程；（3）
节约资源指标层：在第二层“过程层”的基础上，针对5类资源4个不同循环过程，选择具体的指标，
构成“指标层”。
在过去的20年，中国是世界上经济增长最快的国家之一，也是世界上国内储蓄
率（指银行储蓄额占GDP的百分比）水平最高的国家之一。世界银行（2000年）的统计显示，中国近20年的经济增长率平均为10.3%，在全球206个国家和地区
中居于第2位（仅次于非洲资源国家博茨瓦纳）。1999年中国国内储蓄率为42%，比世界平均水平高出20个百分点。但是，由于中国资源的浪费、生态的
退化和环境的污染，在很大程度上抵消了“名义国内储蓄率”的真实性，即中
国国内储蓄率中的相当部分是通过自然资本损失和生态赤字所换来的，这种以
资源的超常消耗和生态环境的严重退化为代价的经济收益，必须进行有效的修正。据中国科学院牛文元的研究，多年计算的平均结果显示，中国经济成长的GDP中，至少有18%是依靠资源和生态环境的“透支”获得的，这种代价至今
仍存在于我们的经济发展之中[8]。
资源和环境本身就是财富。日本在20世纪60~70年代经济高速增长时期，曾
频繁发生破坏环境的事件并为此付出巨大的代价。日本吸收了这方面的教训，
近年来相继制定了《容器包装循环法》、《家庭电器循环法》、《再生资源利用促
进法》等一系列法律法规，逐步建立健全了环境保护方面的法制。目前，日本
政府正加紧拟定《循环型社会基本法》（草案），争取在2001年开始实施。这将
为日本建立“循环型经济社会”奠定法律基础。
除法律保障外，日本积极开发以下四种技术：一、最大限度地减少资源和能源投入量的技术；二、能够长期使用的产品的制造技术；三、循环利用技术；四、尽可能减少破坏环境物质排出量的技术。“循环型经济社会”的确立将导致产业结构的重大变革和科学技术发展方向的转变，它还会改变人们迄今为止的
思维方法和生活方式，建立新型价值观念。“循环型经济社会”会给经济带来新的增长点，创造新的市场。据日本通产省估计，到2010年，与环境有关的市场
规模将从现在的15万亿元增加到37万亿元，就业人数将从现在的64万人增加到140万人。日本经济计划厅预测，到2020年，环境产业将是日本经济增长的重要支柱之一。“零排放工厂”已经在日本成为企业在新世纪里新的追求目标。其中，食品加工和饮料业走在最前列，汽车、造纸、水泥、化工、电子及家用电器等
制造业也十分积极，目前已建成上百座“零排放工厂”。在一些啤酒制造厂里，所有副产品和废弃物都实现了100%的再资源化和循环利用[9]。
4．我国资源与环境状况
国家环保总局局长解振华和国家林业局局长周生贤指出[10]，困扰中国环境十大问题是：大气污染问题、水环境污染问题、垃圾处理问题、沙灾问题、水土流失问题、水灾、旱灾问题、生物多样性问题、WTO与环境问题、三峡环境问题和有毒有害化学品污染问题。
回顾我国50多年的发展历程，经济的快速增长在很大程度上建立在对资源、能源的高消耗上，我国单位GDP的资源消耗远远高于世界平均值；与发达国家相比，能源利用效率十分低下。这种传统的发展模式造成了自然生态恶化，环境污染触目惊心[9]。
得关注的是，除了高能耗低产值的投入外，各种强制性消费（如不必要的医疗费用、媒体的超量广告宣传、各种考试经济链、愈演愈烈的节日礼品经济、超值超量的商品包装、虚假伪劣产品等等）不仅增加商品的成本，加重消费者的负担，豢养了一大贪污腐败的蛆虫和蛀虫，而且浪费了国家的资源和能源，导致空前的能源和资源的紧缺形势。
党的第十六届五中全会强调，要加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，并且提出了大力发展循环经
济，加大环境保护力度，切实保护好自然生态，认真解决影响经济社会发展特别是严重危害人民健康的突出环境问题的要求。建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会是总结我国现代化建设经验，从我国的国情出发而提出的一项重大决策，不仅是建设小康社会和提高广大人民物质文化生活水平的客观需要，也是中华民族的优良传统；不仅是经济发展的客观需要，也是建设和谐社会和促进社会主义精神文明的必然要求。
加快资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设，是一项众性很强的工作。著名环保人士梁从诫曾说：“中国有十三亿人口，每个人浪费一点，拿十三亿一乘，这个数字就大得惊人。同样地，如果每个人节约一点，拿十三亿一乘，这个数字就相当可观。”我们要大张旗鼓地宣传节约光荣、浪费可耻、破坏环境有罪的观念，坚持从身边的事情做起，从每时每刻做起，从点点滴滴做起。如果每个人都树立起节约和环保的意识，我们节省下来的资源和保护环境的成果会十分可观。
我国正面临着日益严峻的资源紧缺形势.严峻资源形势呼唤资源节约型社会；可持续发展实质就是建设资源节约型社会；资源的稀缺性要求建设资源节约型社会.建设资源节约型社会是我国经济社会可持续发展的必由之路和唯一出路，势在必行
源节约型体系。资源节约型体系可分为两大类：一类是以产业为标准划分的资源节约型产业体系，主要包括：重效益、节时、节能、节约原材料的工业体系，规划科学、设计优良、节地省材、质量过硬
的基本建设体系，节水、节地、节时、节能的“二高一优”节约型农业体系，节时、节能、重效益的节约型运输体系，适度消费、勤俭节约的节约型生活服务体系；另一类是战略资源节约型体系，即有关战略资源从生产、流通、分配到消费的各个环节形成的相互关联、相互制约的有机节约整体。
建立资源节约型社会的途径
建立资源节约型社会，必须从国情出发，坚持以科学发展观为指导，努力做好以下几方面工作：
深化经济体制改革。要完善社会主义市场经济体制，建设统一开放竞争有序的现代市场
In order to ensure normal teaching order, protecting students ' healthy growth, ensuring that national (property) is not lost, to prevent or minimize the occurrence of safety accidents, follow the "prevent, rescue each other, ensure safety and reduce losses" principle, according to the local conditions, make the management system. 1, the principal is the responsibility of school safety, school security under the leadership of President security work leading group. The head teacher to the leadership team is responsible for, implementation of the accountability system. 2, school monthly student knowledge about safety education, education should be diversified in the form every safety education for students of classes per week should be targeted. To carry on emergency issues dealing with education in General, self-help and mutual rescue knowledge. Emergency calls (such as
110, 119, 122, 120, and so on) use common sense in education. 3, the establishment of major accident reporting system.
School students report major accident within an hour of education; student run and disappearances to report; report of the accident to a written report in triplicate, a correctional centre, a police station, a township people's Government shall not conceal the accident. 4 week, teachers are on duty system, establish and improve the leadership values; strengthen the education, management of teaching activities in schools to ensure normal teaching order; responsible for school safety leadership always maintained close contact and district police stations, canvassing support from the police station on school safety and help. 5, strengthening teachers ' moral education, establish a dedicated love, improving education quality, observe the students ' psychological changes at any time and take preventive measures, no corporal punishment and covert corporal punishment on students, student out of the classroom, schools may not be. 6, units or departments use student Street propaganda or
participate in the celebrations, as well as participating in other social work, without approval of the Correctional Centre, school principals consent, without organization. Without the approval of relevant departments, may organize students to participate in fire fighting, disaster relief and so on. 7, schools
should educate students to obey the school rules and regulations, on time, on time home to prevent accidents. 8, school to school inspections on a regular basis, found hidden in time, and in severe cases, it is hard to eliminate immediately closed, and reported to the local people's Government, education, and rule of law section. 9, the school should always check the internal walls, retaining walls, ponds, railings, handrails, doors, Windows, staircases and a variety of sports, extracurricular activities, facilities such as fire safety, infrastructure security, unsafe facility to immediately repair and demolition to ensure that teachers and students work, learn, live venues and facilities are safe and
reliable. Song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school March 2016 song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping primary school fire safety systems to enhance fire safety, protection of public property and the life and property safety of teachers and students, school fire safety into day-to-day management, is developing the following fire safety system. 1, strengthen fire safety education of the whole school. According to the requirements of the Fire Services Act, so that everyone has of keeping fire control safety, protecting fire control facilities, fire prevention, reports of fire
体系，完善宏观调控体系，更大程度地发挥市场在资源配置中的基础性作用，这是节约资源、提高效益的根本所在。其中要着重考虑建设合理的资源价格体系，用价格杠杆调节资
源的利用。如，目前不合理的水价是阻碍水资源基础产业深化改革的重要因素，不合理的
水价导致了水资源的大量浪费，使与水相关产业的经营发展面临严重困难；同时，水价体
系的不合理也是造成水污染严重的原因之一。
完善产权制度。只有明晰了资源的产权，才能最大程度地发挥资源的效益，做到物尽其用，使资源的损失浪费降到最低限度。既应明晰自然资源的产权，优化自然资源配置，节
约自然资源，使自然资源利用率达到最高；又应保护知识产权，提高人们研究、开发和推
广应用资源节约型技术的积极性。
实施科教兴国战略。深化科技体制改革，加快国家创新体系建设，大力发展应用技术，
促进全社会科技资源高效配置和综合集成，提高资源的利用率。加快节能技术开发和推广，目前应重点支持一批资源节约和综合利用技术开发、技术改造项目，加快成熟技术的推广
应用，重点推广节油代油、洁净煤和节电、节水技术。大力研究和开发利用太阳能、地热能、风能、海洋能、核能以及生物能等“绿能源”的新技术和新工艺。
实施可持续发展战略。促进经济社会与人口、资源和生态环境相协调，在全社会提倡绿生产方式和文明消费，倡导低投入、高产出、少排污、可循环的生产模式，大力开展再
生资源回收利用。为此，应通过各种形式，广泛宣传可持续发展的观念，鼓励和引导公众
积极参与可持续发展。
制订和完善战略性资源的中长期开发和利用规划。重点编制节电、节水、节油、资源综合利用等专项中长期规划，为工业节水、能源节约、资源综合利用、新能源和可再生能源
产业化发展、墙体材料革新、散装水泥和环保产业发展提出明确的指导思想、主要目标、
发展方向和政策措施。
发展循环经济。加快制定我国循环经济发展战略，明确我国循环经济发展的思路、目标、步骤和政策措施，用以指导全国循环经济的健康发展；强化政策导向，坚持鼓励与限制相
结合；加快建立促进循环经济发展的法律法规体系和相关技术体系，为循环经济发展提供
有力的法律保障和技术支撑。
加强法制建设。加强环境资源、粮食资源、水资源及各种主要矿产资源保护法的制定和完善；制定反对浪费的法律法规，为惩罚严重破坏环境资源者和严重浪费资源者提供法律
依据；完善产权法律制度，规范和理顺产权关系，保护各种产权权益，提高资源使用效率；完善产品质量和市场交易法律法规，严厉打击坑蒙拐骗以及制假售假行为，规范市场交易，减少资源损失。
环境友好型社会是一种人与自然和谐共生的社会形态，其核心内涵是人类的生产和消费活
动与自然生态系统协调可持续发展。环境友好型社会是由环境友好型技术、环境友好型产品、环境友好型企业、环境友好型产业、环境友好型学校、环境友好型社区等组成。主要
包括：有利于环境的生产和消费方式；无污染或低污染的技术、工艺和产品；对环境和人
体健康无不利影响的各种开发建设活动；符合生态条件的生产力布局；少污染与低损耗的
产业结构；持续发展的绿产业；人人关爱环境的社会风尚和文化氛围。
环境友好型社会是因环境问题而起，并为从根本上解决环境问题而形成的一种整体性思维
Electricity lines, equipment inspections, found hidden in time for rectification, maintenance, and security. 9, do not use an open flame in the classroom, prohibit burning stove, lit candles, mosquito repellent, no smoking, and banning messy wiring. Without using any household appliances is not allowed. 10, live on campus faculty members, must lead by example, and educate families and childr
en ready to fire. 11, household use of gas in schools, to master proper usage, pay attention to the leak-proof, explosion-proof, fireproof, closing valve after use to ensure security. 12, dining room must be qualified, and annual testing of pressure vessels, to regularly check, the canteen workers must be certified, strictly by operation operation, gas tank and stove safety distance of 1.5 meters, to prevent accidents. 13, the adverse consequences caused by ignoring fire safety regulations, will be punished, until investigated for legal responsibility. Song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school March 2016
Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school, pine slopes surrounding safety management system 1 teachers and students, the surrounding area of the school governance covers personal and food hygiene, cultural events and other aspects, integrated governance shall obtain wide support and full cooperation of the community. On the surrounding environment in schools should be closely monitored. 2, school work at the same time, should pay attention to the safety management of school environment, should take the initiative to contact the district police station, the village Committee, Correctional Centre, Township government, business management and other departments to do a good job management. 3, teacher on duty with the exception of inspections in schools, should also pay attention to environmental inspections near the campus, found that the jobl
ess migrants from rural areas, for example, harassment of students and a variety of accidents, according to different situations reported
school officials or the police station in a timely manner, to protect the safety of students. 4, every day before school, teachers remind students, pay attention to traffic safety. 5, should educate students to respect social ethics, and various regulations, maintaining public order, and fight the bad guys, and grasp the correct ways and means of maintaining and improving students ' self-care ability. 6, the establishment of emergency rescue teams of teachers in schools, on high alert and deployed. Song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school March 2016 song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping primary school teachers and students organizations out of safety management system organization activities between teachers and students, to draw up a precise plan and security measures must be signed by the school officials to review the programme of activities agreed upon Correctional Center agreed to implement. Organization to the field relatively far or activities require approval by the Deputy Director of the
Education Bureau in charge of security. 2, each activity should have a specific responsibility, pay attention to the persons age, physical match. Route 3, activities, location, field surveys should be carried out in advance. 4, activities for the means of transport should explain the situation to the scho
ol to comply with vehicle, safety requirements, before the line for repairs. 5, each activity must have security, emergency response plan for accidents. 6, picnics, hiking, picnic to pay attention to fire prevention, food poisoning, prevention of fall accidents 7, the activities near the rivers, reservoirs, no measures or do not meet the security requirements of the Organization and not let students into the water
In order to ensure normal teaching order, protecting students ' healthy growth, ensuring that national (property) is not lost, to prevent or minimize the occurrence of safety accidents, follow the "prevent, rescue each other, ensure safety and reduce losses" principle, according to the local conditions, make the management system. 1, the principal is the responsibility of school safety, school security under the leadership of President security work leading group. The head teacher to the leadership team is responsible for, implementation of the accountability system. 2, school monthly student knowledge about safety education, education should be diversified in the form every safety education for students of classes per week should be targeted. To carry on emergency issues dealing with education in General, self-help and mutual rescue knowledge. Emergency calls (such as 110, 119, 122, 120, and so on) use common sense in education. 3, the establishment of major accident reporting system. School students report major accident within an hour of education; student run and disappearances to report; report of the accident to a written report in triplicate, a correctional centre, a police station, a township people's Government shall not conceal the accident. 4 week, teachers are on duty system, establish and improve the leadership values; strengthen the education, management of teaching activities in schools to ensure normal teaching order; responsible for school safety leadership always maintained close contact and district police stations, canvassing support from the police station on school safety and help. 5, strengthening teachers ' mor
al education, establish a dedicated love, improving education quality, observe the students ' psychological changes at any time and take preventive measures, no corporal punishment and covert corporal punishment on students, student out of the classroom, schools may not be. 6, units or departments use student Street propaganda or participate in the celebrations, as well as participating in other social work, without approval of the Correctional Centre, school principals consent, without organization. Without the approval of relevant departments, may organize students to participate in fire fighting, disaster relief and so on. 7, schools should educate students to obey the school rules and regulations, on time, on time home to prevent accidents. 8, school to school inspections on a regular basis, found hidden in time, and in severe cases, it is hard to eliminate immediately closed, and reported to the local people's Government, education, and rule of law section. 9, the school should always check the internal walls, retaining walls, ponds, railings, handrails, doors, Windows, staircases and a variety of sports, extracurricular activities, facilities such as fire safety, infrastructure security, unsafe facility to immediately repair and demolition to ensure that teachers and students work, learn, live venues and facilities are safe and reliable. Song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school March 2016 song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping primary school fire safety systems to enhance fire safety, protection of public property and the life and property safety of teachers and students, school fire safety into day-to-day management, is developing the following fir
e safety system. 1, strengthen fire safety education of the whole school. According to the requirements of the Fire Services Act, so that everyone has of keeping fire control safety, protecting fire control facilities, fire prevention, reports of fire
既要依靠绿的政治家及其政府，更要凭借公众的绿力量，实行决策民主化和科学化。在发达国家，公众既是上世纪传统环保运动的发起者，也是当今环境友好型社会的决策者和建设者。 环境文化和生态文明是环境友好型社会的价值基础。要建设环境友好型社会，必须先建立超越传统工业文明的生态文明，使人类在经济、科技、法律、伦理以及政治等领域建立起一种追求人与自然以及人与人之间和谐的对环境友好的价值观和道德观，并以生态规律来改革人类的生产和生活方式。 绿科技是环境友好型社会的技术支撑。人类科技发展史充满了对抗自然和征服自然的思维，已有的科技极大地延伸和丰富了人类占有和掠夺自然的能力，加剧了人类对自然的不合理利用，导致了自然界对人类报复性的反应。换句话说，环境危机具有一定的技术内涵，即人类误用技术或无节制的利用技术导致环境问题的产生和恶化。环境友好型社会需要突破传统的科技进步的逻辑思维方式，科技进步的新思维应着眼和立足于人与自然的共生和共存，而不是对抗和征服。传统工业文明科技指向了稀缺、污染、不可持续的资源范围，而绿科技应该是指向丰裕、清洁、可持续利用的资源范围。
建设环境友好型社会，是保障国家安全和提高中国综合国力的重要举措。解决中国建设需要的资源问题，着眼点和立足点必须放在国内。建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，能够控制和降低对国外资源
的依赖程度，确保国家经济安全和国家安全，能够提高中国的综合国力。建设环境友好型社会，是推进社会主义和谐社会建设的重要内容。人与自然和谐相处是社会主义和谐社会的基本特征之一，建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，能够实现人与自然和谐相处。
专家学者们一致认为，建设环境友好型社会是一项长期的战略任务，如何使其从概念到行动，是我国今后必须研究解决的课题。他们在座谈会上提出了六个方面的政策建议：
一是建立健全有利于环境保护的决策体系。王金南总工程师说，环境友好型社会是一种新型的社会发展状态，要创造向新的社会发展阶段转型的必要的政治保障条件，特别是要建立领导干部环保政绩考核制度、绿国民经济核算制度、战略环境影响评价制度和公众参与制度。
国务院发展研究中心社会发展部副部长林家彬说，建设环境友好型社会，要加强政府引导，推进绿GDP指标体系的研究和试行工作，优先开展对资源环境的核算，强调经济增长的质量。
二是建立科学完备的环保法律保障制度。中国社科院法学所教授常纪文认为，建设环境友好型社会是一个综合性的要求，其制度创新和完善涉及环境保护的方方面面。要规范环保相关的市场准入和政策扶持，建立完善配套的法律法规体系、政策支持体系、技术创新体系和激励约束机制。
中国社科院环境与发展研究中心研究员郑玉歆说，要加快制定与环境友好型社会相对应的环境标准，加大执法监管力度，切实为环保执法扫清体制障碍。
三是建立以循环经济为重要特征的经济发展模式。国务院参事叶汝求说，大力发展循环经济是环境友好型经济发展模式的具体体现。要在产品的生产过程中实行清洁生产，努力实现废物的循环利用，实行环境标识、环境认证和政府绿采购制度，完善再生资源回收利用体系。环保部门在推广“绿创建”试点示范活动中做了很多工作，生态省、环境保护模范城市、生态示范区、绿社区、绿学校、全国优美乡镇和国家环境友好企业的创建活动已得到社会各界的积极响应，为构建资源节约型和环境友好型社会提供了有益探索和实践。
四是积极倡导环境友好的消费方式。齐建国研究员认为，建设环境友好型社会的重要措施之一就是提倡绿消费，节约资源，这一工作的主体是企业、消费者和政府，而政府在其中所起的作用最为关键。当前，政府部门应该在四个领域大力推进适度消费、公平消
Electricity lines, equipment inspections, found hidden in time for rectification, maintenance, and security. 9, do not use an open flame in the classroom, prohibit burning stove, lit candles, mosquito repellent, no smoking, and banning messy wiring. Without using any household appliances is not allowed. 10, live on campus faculty members, must lead by example, and educate families and children ready to fire. 11, household use of gas in schools, to master proper usage, pay attention to the leak-proof, explosion-proof, fireproof, closing valve after use to ensure security. 12, dining room must be qualified, and annual testing of pressure vessels, to regularly check, the canteen workers m
ust be certified, strictly by operation operation, gas tank and stove safety distance of 1.5 meters, to prevent accidents. 13, the adverse consequences caused by ignoring fire safety regulations, will be punished, until investigated for legal responsibility. Song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school March 2016 Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school, pine slopes surrounding safety management system 1 teachers and students, the surrounding area of the school governance covers personal and food hygiene, cultural events and other aspects, integrated governance shall obtain wide support and full cooperation of the community. On the surrounding environment in schools should be closely monitored. 2, school work at the same time, should pay attention to the safety management of school environment, should take the initiative to contact the district police station, the village Committee, Correctional Centre, Township government, business management and other departments to do a good job management. 3, teacher on duty with the exception of inspections in schools, should also pay attention to environmental inspections near the campus, found that the jobless migrants from rural areas, for example, harassment of students and a variety of accidents, according to different situations reported school officials or the police station in a timely manner, to protect the safety of students. 4, every day before school, teachers remind students, pay attention to traffic safety. 5, should educate students to respect social ethics, and various regulations, maintaining public order, and fight the bad guys, and grasp the correct ways and means of maintaini
ng and improving students ' self-care ability. 6, the establishment of emergency rescue teams of teachers in schools, on high alert and deployed. Song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping elementary school March 2016 song Lin Xiang Liu Jia ping primary school teachers and students organizations out of safety management system organization activities between teachers and students, to draw up a precise plan and security measures must be signed by the school officials to review the programme of activities agreed upon Correctional Center agreed to implement. Organization to the field relatively far or activities require approval by the Deputy Director of the Education Bureau in charge of security. 2, each activity should have a specific responsibility, pay attention to the persons age, physical match. Route 3, activities, location, field surveys should be carried out in advance. 4, activities for the means of transport should explain the situation to the school to comply with vehicle, safety requirements, before the line for repairs. 5, each activity must have security, emergency response plan for accidents. 6, picnics, hiking, picnic to pay attention to fire prevention, food poisoning, prevention of fall accidents 7, the activities near the rivers, reservoirs, no measures or do not meet the security requirements of the Organization and not let students into the water
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